BetterWMF dan CompareDWG tools untuk AutoCAD Selamat Datang di Furix, home ke alat AutoCAD BetterWMF dan CompareDWG. Berita hangat . BetterWMF 2017 telah dirilis pada tanggal 20 Juni 2016, CompareDWG 2017 pada tanggal 15 Agustus. Pilih item berita di sebelah kiri untuk informasi lebih lanjut. Furix BV menawarkan beberapa alat AutoCAD untuk meningkatkan produktivitas perancangan Anda. Lihat halaman informasi produk atau langsung ke halaman download: BetterWMF memecahkan masalah AutoCAD yang berkaitan dengan penyalinan dan penyisipan gambar ke dalam paket perangkat lunak lain seperti misalnya Microsoft Word. BandingkanDWG CompareDWG menemukan perbedaan antara dua revisi gambar AutoCAD dan menampilkannya secara grafis. Cara Membuat Indikator Pembelian COT Sendiri Sendiri Memiliki indikator COT sendiri seperti memiliki kuda poni Anda sendiri. Menggunakan laporan COT bisa sangat berguna sebagai alat untuk melihat potensi pembalikan di pasar. Bagaimanapun, ada satu masalah, kita tidak bisa hanya melihat angka absolut yang tercetak pada laporan COT dan mengatakan, 8220Aha, sepertinya pasar telah mencapai tingkat ekstrem.230 Saya akan pendek dan membeli 10.000.000 pasang kaus kaki dengan keuntungan mudah saya.8221 Menentukan ekstrem Bisa jadi sulit karena posisi net long dan short tidak semuanya relevan. Apa yang mungkin merupakan tingkat ekstrem lima tahun yang lalu mungkin tidak lagi menjadi tingkat ekstrem tahun ini. Bagaimana Anda menangani masalah ini Yang ingin Anda lakukan adalah membuat indeks yang akan membantu Anda mengukur apakah pasar berada pada tingkat yang ekstrim. Berikut adalah proses langkah-demi-langkah tentang cara membuat indeks ini. Tentukan berapa lama suatu periode yang ingin kita cover. Semakin banyak nilai yang kita masukan ke dalam indeks, semakin sedikit sentimen sinyal ekstrem yang akan kita terima, namun semakin bisa diandalkan. Memiliki nilai masukan yang sedikit akan menghasilkan lebih banyak sinyal, meskipun hal itu bisa menyebabkan lebih banyak kesalahan positif. Hitung perbedaan antara posisi spekulan besar dan pedagang komersial setiap minggunya. Rumus untuk menghitung perbedaan ini adalah: Selisih posisi bersih Spekulan Besar 8211 Posisi bersih Iklan Perhatikan bahwa jika spekulan besar sangat panjang, ini akan menyiratkan bahwa pedagang komersial sangat pendek. Ini akan menghasilkan angka positif. Di sisi lain, jika spekulator besar sangat pendek, itu berarti pedagang komersial kemungkinan besar sangat panjang ini akan menghasilkan angka negatif. Peringkat hasil ini dalam urutan naik, dari yang paling negatif ke paling positif. Tetapkan nilai 100 ke angka terbesar dan 0 ke angka terkecil. Dan sekarang kita memiliki indikator COT Ini sangat mirip dengan indikator RSI dan stokastik yang telah kita bahas di pelajaran sebelumnya. Begitu kita memberikan nilai pada masing-masing perbedaan yang dihitung, kita harus diberi tahu kapan pun data baru yang dimasukkan ke dalam indeks menunjukkan ekstrem: 0 atau 100. Ini akan menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan antara posisi kedua kelompok terbesar, dan bahwa Pembalikan mungkin sudah dekat Ingat, kita tertarik untuk mengetahui apakah tren akan berlanjut atau apakah akan berakhir. Jika laporan COT mengungkapkan bahwa pasar berada pada tingkat yang ekstrim, ini akan membantu menentukan puncak dan dasar yang paling kita sukai. Kami menggali di sekitar forum dan menemukan nugget emas kecil ini untuk Anda. Rupanya Anda dapat mendownload indikator COT jika Anda melakukan trading pada platform MT4 dan Anda dapat menemukan link di data COT kami ke thread indikator forum Simpan kemajuan Anda dengan masuk dan menandai pelajaran selesai. Profesor Eckhard Platen Profesor Eckhard Platen bergabung dengan UTS pada tahun 1997 dari ANU . Dia adalah pengangkatan bersama antara Sekolah Keuangan dan Ekonomi dan Sekolah Ilmu Matematika ke Kursi yang baru dibuat di Kuantitatif Keuangan. Sebelum pengangkatan ini dia adalah Kepala Pendiri Pusat Matematika Keuangan di Institute of Advanced Studies di Australian National University di Canberra. Ia menyelesaikan PhD di bidang Matematika di Technical University di Dresden pada tahun 1975 dan memperoleh gelar pada tahun 1985 Dr. sc. Dari Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan di Berlin, di mana dia memimpin Sektor Stochastics di Weierstrass Institute. Dia adalah rekan penulis tiga buku sukses tentang Metode Numerik untuk Persamaan Diferensial Stokastik, sebuah buku tentang Pendekatan Benchmark yang inovatif, yang diterbitkan oleh Springer Verlag, monografi lain tentang Fungsi Multidimensional Diffusions with Applications to Finance dan dia telah menulis lebih dari 170 penelitian Makalah keuangan kuantitatif dan matematika yang berlaku. Dia juga telah mengadakan lebih dari 80 kunjungan pengangkatan di institusi terkemuka di seluruh dunia. Dia melayani di Dewan Editorial seri buku Bocconi-Springer dan tujuh jurnal termasuk Mathematical Finance sebagai Associate Editor, Asia Pacific Financial Markets sebagai Advisor and Quantitative Finance dan sebelumnya Finance and Stochastics. Dia adalah inisiator dan co-organizer seri Survei Kuantitatif Metode Keuangan tahunan, yang dimulai pada tahun 1993. Mereka yang tertarik dengan penelitiannya yang lebih baru harus mengunjungi situs Pendekatan Benchmark. Presiden Profesional Bachelier Finance Society. Profesor Kehormatan di University of Cape Town. Profesor Ajaran Australian National University Best Paper Award di bidang Matematika Keuangan. Hofmann, N. Platen, E. amp Schweizer, M. (1992) Opsi harga di bawah ketidaklengkapan dan volatilitas stokastik. Keuangan Matematika. 2 (3), hal. 153-187. Masyarakat Matematika Australia Bachelier Finance Society Econometric Society Baldeaux, J. F. amp Platen, E. 2013, Fungsi difusi multidimensi dengan aplikasi untuk dibiayai. 1, Springer, Jerman. ViewDownload dari: Situs UTS OPUS atau Publishers Penelitian ini menghasilkan pengenalan model difusi multidimensi yang dapat ditransplantasikan, di mana kerapatan transisi, transformasi Laplace, transformasi Fourier, solusi fundamental atau fungsi dapat diperoleh dalam bentuk eksplisit. Buku ini juga memberikan pengantar penggunaan metode kelompok simetri Lie untuk difusi, yang memungkinkan untuk menghitung berbagai fungsi. Selain metodologi yang terkenal tentang diffusions affine, ini menghadirkan pendekatan baru untuk menumbuhkan proses dengan aplikasi di bidang keuangan. Metode numerik, termasuk metode Monte Carlo dan kuadratur, dibahas bersama dengan bahan pendukung pada proses stokastik. Aplikasi di bidang keuangan, misalnya, pada penyesuaian risiko kredit dan penyesuaian kredit disertakan dalam buku ini. Fungsi dari diffusions multidimensi yang dianalisis dalam buku ini penting untuk banyak bidang aplikasi di luar bidang keuangan. Buku ini ditujukan untuk pembaca yang luas, dan mengembangkan pemahaman intuitif dan ketat tentang matematika yang mendasari derivasi formula eksplisit untuk fungsi difusi multidimensional. Platen, E. amp Bruti Liberati, N. 2010, Solusi Numerik dari Persamaan Diferensial Stokastik dengan Lompatan di Bidang Keuangan. 1, Springer, Jerman. ViewDownload dari: Situs UTS OPUS atau Publishers Penelitian ini berisi tentang disain dan analisis perkiraan waktu diskrit untuk persamaan diferensial stokastik (SDE) yang didorong oleh proses Wiener dan proses Poisson atau langkah melompat Poisson, Dalam pemodelan keuangan dan aktuaria dan area aplikasi lainnya. Saya seperti difrus gelombang sering digunakan untuk dScribe dinamika 039, variabel keadaan yang tidak biasa. Dalam pembiayaan, hal ini dapat mewakili, misalnya, harga aset, peringkat kredit, indeks saham, tingkat lintis, nilai tukar atau harga komoditas. Komponen lompatan dapat menangkap kejadian tanpa hambatan, seperti kegagalan korporati, kegagalan operasional atau kejadian yang diasuransikan. Platen, E. amp Heath, D. 2010, Pendekatan benchmark terhadap kuantitatif keuangan. 2, Springer, Jerman. Platen, E. amp Heath, D. P. 2006, Pendekatan Benchmark terhadap Kuantitatif Keuangan. 1st, Springer, Berlin, Jerman. ViewDownload dari: Situs UTS OPUS atau Publishers Pendekatan benchmark memberikan kerangka kerja umum untuk pemodelan pasar keuangan, yang melampaui teori penetapan harga netral-standar standar. Ini memungkinkan perlakuan terpadu untuk optimasi portofolio, penetapan harga turunan, pengelolaan risiko terpadu dan pemodelan risiko asuransi. Adanya ukuran penetapan harga netral-risiko setara tidak diperlukan. Sebaliknya, ini mengarah pada rumus harga sehubungan dengan ukuran probabilitas dunia nyata. Ini menghasilkan kebebasan pemodelan penting yang ternyata diperlukan untuk derivasi model pasar yang realistis dan pelit. Bagian pertama buku ini menjelaskan alat-alat yang diperlukan dari teori kelayakan, statistik, kalkulus stokastik dan teori persamaan diferensial stokastik dengan lompatan. Bagian kedua dikhususkan untuk pemodelan keuangan dengan pendekatan benchmark. Berbagai metode quajtitatif untuk harga dunia nyata dan lindung nilai derivatif dijelaskan. Kerangka umum digunakan untuk memberikan pemahaman tentang sifat volatilitas stokastik. Buku ini ditujukan untuk khalayak luas yang mencakup analis kuantitatif, mahasiswa pascasarjana dan praktisi di bidang keuangan, ekonomi dan asuransi. Ini bertujuan untuk menjadi pengantar mandiri yang mudah diakses namun secara metematis ketat terhadap keuangan kuantitatif bagi pembaca yang memiliki latar belakang matematika atau kuantitatif yang masuk akal. Akhirnya, buku ini akan merangsang inetrest dalam pendekatan benchmark dengan menjelaskan beberapa kekuatan dan penerapannya yang luas. Kloeden, P. Platen, E. amp Schurz, H. 2003, Solusi Numerik SDE Melalui Percobaan Komputer. 3, Springer, Jerman. Kloeden, P. amp Platen, E. 1999, Solusi numerik dari persamaan diferensial stokastik. 3, Springer, Jerman. Platen, E. amp Semmler, W. 2012, Pendekatan portofolio dinamis terhadap pasar aset dan kebijakan moneter di Cohen, S. N. Madan, D. Siu, T. K. Amp Yang, H. (eds), Kemajuan Statistik, Probabilitas dan Ilmu Aktuaria: Proses Stokastik, Keuangan dan Pengendalian. World Scientific, USA, hlm. 347-373. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2012, Simulasi portofolio diversifikasi di pasar keuangan yang terus berlanjut di Zhang, T. amp Zhou, X. (eds), Analisis Stokastik dan Aplikasi untuk Keuangan: Esai dalam Kehormatan Jia-an Yan. Dunia Ilmiah, AS, hal. 385-410. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Platen, E. 2011, Pendekatan benchmark untuk investasi dan penetapan harga di MacLean, L. C. Thorp, E. O. Amp Ziemba, W. T. (eds), The Kelly Capital Growth Investment Criterion: Teori dan Praktik. World Scientific Publishing, Amerika Serikat, hal. 409-426. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Makalah ini memperkenalkan kerangka pemodelan pasar umum, benchmark appma. chl yang mengasumsikan adanya portofolio nume039raire. Ini adalah portofolio yang sangat positif bahwa ketika digunakan sebagai benchmMk membuat semua portofolio nonnegati. ve yang distandarisasi sllperma. rtingaes, yang secara intuitif berbicara ke bawah tren atau tanpa trend. Bisa jadi sama dengan portofolio Kelly, yang tna.-quotjmiz. Es diharapkan utilitas logaritma. Di beberapa Wa. ys, portofolio KeUy atau numeraire adalah portofolio kinerja terbaik dan tidak dapat diunggulkan secara sistematis oleh portofolio non-negatif lainnya. Penggunaannya pada harga saat nttmeroire mengarah langsung ke formula harga dunia nyata) yang menggunakan probabilitas dunia nyata saat menghitung harapan bersyarat. Di pasar keuangan reguler yang besar, portofolio Kelly akan berubah menjadi perkiraan oleh portofolio-portofolio yang sangat penting. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2010, simulasi Monte Carlo untuk persamaan diferensial stokastik di al, R. C.E. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Quantitative Finance. Wiley, AS, hal. 1271-1278. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Platen, E. amp Bruti Liberati, N. 2010, persamaan diferensial stokastik: Skenario simulasi di al, R. C.E. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Quantitative Finance. Wiley, AS, hlm. 1697-1706. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Jackel, P. amp Platen, E. 2010, simulasi Monte Carlo di al, R. C.E. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Quantitative Finance. Wiley, AS, hal. 1266-1271. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Platen, E. 2010, ekspansi Stochastic Taylor di al, R. C.E. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Quantitative Finance. Wiley, AS, hal. 1731-1734. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2010, persamaan diferensial Stochastic dengan lompatan: Simulasi di al, R. C.E. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Quantitative Finance. Wiley, AS, hal. 1693-1697. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Platen, E. 2008, Metode simulasi untuk persamaan diferensial stokastik di Seese, D. Weinhardt, C. amp Schlottmann, F. (eds), Buku Pegangan tentang Teknologi Informasi di bidang Keuangan. Springer, Jerman, hlm. 501-514. Platen, E. 2004, Metode simulasi untuk persamaan diferensial stokastik pada Teugels, J. amp Sundt, B. (eds), Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science. John Wiley amp Sons, Chichester, Inggris, hlm. 1559-1564. Heath, D. P. Amp Platen, E. 2002, Harga dan lindung nilai turunan indeks di bawah model harga aset alternatif dengan volatilitas stokastik endogen di Yong, J. (ed), Perkembangan Terkini dalam Matematika. World Scientific, Singapura, hlm. 117-126. Elliot, R. J. Amp Platen, E. 2001, Hidden Markov Chain Filtering untuk Proses Bessel Umum di Hida, T. Karandikar, R. L. Kunita, H. Rajput, B. S. Watanabe, S. amp Xiong, J. (eds), Stokastik dalam Selesai Dimensi Terbatas. Birkhauser Boston, Basel, Jerman, hlm. 123-143. Heath, D. P. Platen, E. amp Schweizer, M. 2001, Perbandingan Numerik Minimisasi Risiko Lokal amp Mean-Variance Hedging di Jouini, E. Cvitanic, J. amp Musiela, M. (eds), Handbooks in Mathematical Finance: Option Pricing, Interest Tingkat Manajemen Risiko. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Inggris, hlm. 509-537. Konferensi Platen, E. 2014, Sifat afinitas dinamika kekayaan agregat, Kolokium Bachelier ke-7 tentang Keuangan Matematis dan Kalkulus Stokastik, Metabafe, Prancis. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Platen, E. 2014, Pendekatan benchmark untuk membiayai, 13 Winter School on Mathematical Finance, Lunteren, Belanda. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Platen, E. 2014, Solusi numerik dari persamaan diferensial stokastik dengan lompatan di bidang keuangan, 7th Summer School in Mathematical Finance, Cape Town, Afrika Selatan. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Platen, E. 2014, Solusi numerik dari persamaan diferensial stokastik di bidang keuangan, Metode Numerik Terkini dan Modulus Volatilitas Stokastik di Lokakarya Keuangan Kuantitatif, Johannesburg, Afrika Selatan. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Platen, E. 2014, Di luar paradigma klasik, Kongres Dunia Bachelier Finance Society ke-8, Brussels, Belgia. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Baldeaux, J. F. amp Platen, E. 2012, fungsi komputasi akar kuadrat dan proses Wishart di bawah pendekatan benchmark melalui simulasi yang tepat, Monte Carlo dan Quasi Monte Carlo Methods 2012, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics. Konferensi Internasional tentang Metode Monte Carlo dan Quasi-Monte Carlo dalam Komputasi Ilmiah, Springer, Sydney, Australia, hlm. 3-22. ViewDownload dari: Situs UTS OPUS atau Publishers Tujuan makalah ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana proses Wishart dapat digunakan secara fleksibel dalam pemodelan keuangan. Kami menjelaskan bagaimana fungsionalitas, yang dihasilkan dari pendekatan benchmark untuk membiayai, dapat dihitung secara akurat melalui metode simulasi yang tepat. Kami menggunakan metode simetri Lie untuk mengidentifikasi kepadatan transisi eksplisit dan fungsionalitas yang dapat dihitung secara eksplisit. Kami menggambarkan metode yang diusulkan melalui masalah keuangan yang dirumuskan dalam pendekatan benchmark. Pendekatan ini memungkinkan kita untuk memanfaatkan kemudahan analisis analitis dari proses difusi yang dipertimbangkan. Platen, E. 2012, Tolok Ukur risiko minimal di pasar yang tidak lengkap, Kolokium Bachelier keenam tentang Keuangan Matematis dan Kalkulus Stokastik, Mtabief, Prancis. Platen, E. 2012, solusi numerik SDE, Presentasi Seminar, Ecole Centrale, Paris, Prancis. Platen, E. 2012, Solusi numerik dari persamaan diferensial stokastik dengan lompatan di bidang keuangan, Konferensi Internasional Kesepuluh mengenai Metode Monte Carlo dan Quasi-Monte Carlo dalam Komputasi Ilmiah, Sydney Australia. Platen, E. 2012, Benchmarked risk minimalization, AJOU Workshop di bidang Ekonomi Keuangan dan Matematika, Seoul, Korea. Platen, E. 2012, Benchmarked risk minimalization, The Art of Finance 2012 FIRN Annual Conference, Hobart, Tasmania. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2011, Pada skema korespondensi prediktor lemah untuk proses jump-difusi di bidang keuangan, Topik dalam Metode Numerik untuk Keuangan: Prosiding Matematika dan Statistik. Springer, Limerick, Irlandia, hal. 1-12. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Ketidakstabilan event-event seperti default perusahaan, kegagalan operasional, atau pengumuman bank sentral merupakan elemen penting dalam pemodelan jumlah keuangan. Oleh karena itu, persamaan diferensial stokastik (SDEs) jenis jumpdiffusion sering digunakan di bidang keuangan. Kami mempertimbangkan dalam makalah ini perkiraan waktu diskrit yang lemah dari SDE aliran-difusi yang sesuai untuk masalah seperti penetapan harga turunan dan evaluasi ukuran risiko. Kami menyajikan skema predikororor yang teratur dan mudah disesuaikan dengan orde pertama dan kedua dari konvergensi lemah. Skema reguler dibuat berdasarkan diskretisasi reguler yang tidak mencakup waktu lompatan, sedangkan skema adaptasi loncat didasarkan pada diskretisasi waktu yang mencakup semua waktu lompatan. Analisis numerik tentang keakuratan skema ini bila diterapkan pada model Merton jump-difusi disediakan. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C. amp Platen, E. 2011, Model struktur istilah alternatif untuk meninjau teka-teki harapan, II World Finance Conference, Rhodes, Greece. Platen, E. 2011, Pendekatan benchmark terhadap keuangan kuantitatif, Presentasi Seminar, Universitas Humboldt, Berlin, Jerman. Platen, E. 2011, Pada dana pensiun yang ditargetkan, Metode Kuantitatif dalam Konferensi Keuangan 2011, Sydney Australia. Platen, E. 2011, Pendekatan portofolio dinamis terhadap kebijakan moneter, Southern Africa Mathematical Sciences Association (SAMSA) 2011 Conference, Livingston, Zambia. Hulley, H. amp Platen, E. 2008, Kriteria visual untuk mengidentifikasi Ito diffusions sebagai martingales atau martingales lokal yang ketat, Seminar Analisis Stokastik, Bidang Acak dan Aplikasi VI. Seminar tentang Proses Stokastik, Bidang dan Aplikasi Acak, Springer, Ascona, Switzerland, hlm. 147-157. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Hal ini sering penting, dalam aplikasi kalkulus stokastik untuk pemodelan keuangan, untuk mengetahui apakah martingale lokal yang diberikan adalah martingale atau martingale lokal yang ketat. Kami mengatasi masalah ini dalam konteks proses difusi homogen waktu dengan batas bawah yang terbatas, disajikan sebagai solusi dari persamaan diferensial stokastik tanpa arus. Teorema utama kami menunjukkan bahwa pertanyaan apakah proses ini adalah martingale dapat diputuskan hanya dengan memeriksa kemiringan fungsi peningkatan tertentu. Hasil lebih lanjut membuat hubungan antara teorema kami dan hasil lainnya dalam literatur, sementara sejumlah contoh disediakan untuk menggambarkan penggunaan kriteria kami. Baldeaux, J. Chan, L. amp Platen, E. 2010, metode kuasi-Monte carlo untuk derivatif pada varians varians yang terwujud dalam pendekatan benchmark, ANZIAM Journal. CTAC2010: Teknik Komputasi dan Konferensi Aplikasi, Australian Mathematical Society, Sydney, Australia, hal. C727-C741. Kami menerapkan metode kuasi-Monte Carlo untuk menentukan harga derivatif pada varians varians yang direalisasikan berdasarkan pendekatan benchmark. Masalah integrasi yang dihasilkan ditunjukkan bergantung pada kerapatan sendi dari varians realisasi indeks dan nilai terminal indeks. Mempekerjakan pemetaan transformasi untuk kepadatan bersama ke unit persegi ini mengurangi masalah integrasi yang terjadi. Metode quasi-Monte Carlo membandingkan metode Monte Carlo dengan baik bila diterapkan pada masalah yang diberikan. Ampcopy Austral. Matematika sosi 2011. Platen, E. 2010, Pendekatan benchmark, Workshop Pondasi Keuangan Matematika, Toronto, Kanada. Platen, E. 2010, Menilai manfaat kematian minimum yang dijamin, Presentasi Seminar, Studi Aktuaria UNSW, Sydney, Australia. Platen, E. 2010, Sifat empiris dari indeks saham global terdiversifikasi, Workshop Stochastics, Control and Finance, London, Inggris. Platen, E. 2010, Fakta empiris empiris tentang indeks diversifikasi, Lokakarya Ekonometrika Keuangan, Toronto, Kanada. Platen, E. 2010, Pendekatan benchmark untuk komputasi finnce, 1st RRmetrics Summer School dan 4th UserDeveloper Meeting mengenai Computational Finance and Financial Engineering, Meielisalp, Switzerland. Platen, E. 2010, harga kontrak berjangka panjang dunia, Presentasi Seminar, The Fields Institute, Toronto, Kanada. Platen, E. 2010, harga kontrak berjangka panjang dunia, Konferensi Matematika Aktuaria dan Keuangan 2010, Brussels, Belgia. Platen, E. 2010, harga kontrak berjangka panjang dunia, Kongres Internasional Asuransi 14: Matematika dan Ekonomi, Toronto, Kanada. Ignatieva, K. amp Platen, E. 2010, Modeling co-movement dan ketergantungan ekor di pasar saham internasional melalui copulae, Kongres Dunia Bachelier Finance Society ke-6, Toronto, Kanada. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2010, Simulasi portofolio diversifikasi di pasar keuangan yang terus berlanjut, Kongres Dunia Bachelier Finance Society ke-6, Toronto, Kanada. Platen, E. 2009, Pada pemodelan struktur suku bunga berdasarkan pendekatan benchmark, Presentasi Seminar, Universitas Humboldt, Berlin, Jerman. Platen, E. 2009, Metode Kuantitatif - Komputasi dan metode numerik, Presentasi Seminar, Universitas Ajou, Korea. Platen, E. 2009, Pendekatan benchmark terhadap keuangan kuantitatif, Enterprise Risk Management Symposium, Chicago, USA. Platen, E. 2009, Pada pemodelan struktur suku bunga berdasarkan pendekatan benchmark, 4 General Conference on Advanced Mathematical Methods in Finance, Alesund, Norway. Platen, E. 2009, Pendekatan benchmark di luar semi-martingales, Workshop Model Non-Semi-Martingale di bidang Keuangan, Helsinki, Finlandia. Platen, E. 2009, Solusi numerik dari persamaan diferensial stokastik dengan lompatan di bidang keuangan, Presentasi Seminar, Universitas Oxford, Oxford, Inggris. Platen, E. 2009, pasar aset dan kebijakan moneter, Presentasi Seminar, Imperial College, London, London, Inggris. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2009, Metode Prediktor-Corrector Euler Kuat untuk Persamaan Diferensial Stokastik, X Lokakarya Kuantitatif Keuangan terhadap Memori Nicola Bruti-Liberati, Milan, Italia. Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C .. Platen, E. amp Schlogl, E. 2009, Model struktur istilah alternatif yang dapat disesuaikan, X Lokakarya Kuantitatif Keuangan terhadap Memori Nicola Bruti-Liberati, Milan, Italia. Platen, E. 2009, Teknik Pengurangan Varian Berdasarkan Representasi Integral, Presentasi Seminar, Institut Fraunhofer dan Universitas Kaiserslauten, Kaiserslauten, Jerman. Platen, E. 2009, Menilai opsi jaminan kematian minimum yang dijamin dalam anuitas variabel dengan pendekatan benchmark, Enterprise Risk Management Symposium, Chicago, USA. Platen, E. 2009, pasar aset dan kebijakan moneter, Presentasi Seminar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Jerman. Platen, E. 2009, pasar aset dan kebijakan moneter, Presentasi Seminar, Universitas Lugano, Lugano, Swiss. Platen, E. 2008, Hukum Harga Minimal, Konferensi AMaMeF ke-3 - Kemajuan dalam Matematika, Pitesti, Rumania. Platen, E. 2008, Pendekatan Benchmark untuk Keuangan, Matematika dalam Konferensi Keuangan, Cape Town, Afrika Selatan. Platen, E. 2008, Hukum Harga Minimal, Frankfurt MathFinance Conference 2008, Frankfurt, Jerman. Platen, E. 2008, Properties dari Indeks Saham Dunia Beragam, Presentasi Seminar, Universitas Princeton, New York, AS. Platen, E. 2008, Hukum Harga Minimal, Presentasi Seminar, Universitas Columbia, New York, AS. Platen, E. 2008, Optimalisasi Portofolio Berdasarkan Informasi Partial, Kertas Seminar, Universitas Boston, Boston, AS. Platen, E. 2008, Hukum Harga Minimal, Kertas Seminar, Universitas Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, AS. Platen, E. 2008, Solusi numerik dari persamaan diferensial stokastik, Konferensi Internasional Ketiga mengenai Matematika di bidang Keuangan, Taman Nasional Kruger, Afrika Selatan. Platen, E. 2008, Pendekatan benchmark terhadap keuangan kuantitatif, Summer School: Teori Resiko dan Bidang Terkait, Masyarakat Matematika Eropa, Bedlewo, Polandia. Platen, E. 2008, Hukum Harga Minimal, Workshop Matematika di bidang Keuangan, Cape Town, Afrika Selatan. Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C. amp Platen, E. 2008, simulasi Monte-Carlo model struktur istilah alternatif yang dapat disesuaikan, Bachelier Finance Society 5th World Congress, London, Inggris. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C .. Bruti Liberati, N. Platen, E. amp Schlogl, E. 2008, harga dunia nyata untuk model struktur jangka pendek, Bachelier Finance Society 5th World Congress, London, Inggris. Platen, E. 2008, Pada Perumusan Struktur Suku Bunga Suku Bunga Berdasarkan Pendekatan Tolok Ukur, Konferensi Internasional Ketiga mengenai Matematika di bidang Keuangan, Taman Nasional Kruger, Afrika Selatan. Platen, E. 2008, Kondisi untuk Martingales dengan Aplikasi di Bidang Keuangan, Konferensi Analisis Stokastik, Bidang Acak dan Aplikasi, Ascona, Swiss. Platen, E. 2008, Menilai Pilihan Manfaat Kematian Minimum yang Dijamin, Metode Kuantitatif di Konferensi Keuangan 2008, Sydney, Australia. Hulley, H. amp Platen, E. 2007, Transformasi Laplace untuk diffusions, dengan aplikasi untuk potongan harga dan opsi penghalang, Banach Center Publications: Kemajuan dalam Matematika Keuangan. Konferensi Umum AMaMeF dan Konferensi Banach Center, Polska Akademia Nauk, Bedlewo, Polandia, hal. 139-157. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Dengan menggunakan identitas integral sederhana, kita mendapatkan ungkapan umum untuk transformasi Laplace dari kerapatan transisi dari proses, jika membunuh atau mencerminkan batas-batas yang ditentukan. Kami juga memperoleh sejumlah ungkapan yang berguna untuk transformasi Laplace dari beberapa fungsi pada paruh pertama kali untuk difusi. Hasil ini diterapkan pada kasus khusus proses Bessel squared dengan membunuh atau mencerminkan batas-batas. Secara khusus, kami menunjukkan bagaimana identitas integral yang disebutkan di atas memungkinkan kita untuk menurunkan kepadatan transisi proses Bessel kuadrat yang terbunuh pada titik asal, tanpa perlu membalikkan transformasi Laplace. Akhirnya, sebagai sebuah aplikasi, kami mempertimbangkan masalah penetapan harga barrier pada indeks yang digambarkan oleh model pasar minimal. Platen, E. 2008, Pendekatan Pemersatu terhadap Harga Aset, Konferensi Internasional mengenai Risiko Harga, Likuiditas dan Kredit, Konstanz, Jerman. Platen, E. 2008, Waktu Jujur dalam Pemodelan Keuangan, Simposium Monash-Ritsumeikan tentang Probabilitas dan Bidang Terkait, Melbourne, Australia. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS Thulasiram, R. K. Downing, C. T. Chiarella, C. Coleman, T. Dempster, M. Dongarra, J. Duan, JC Gao, G. Appadoo, SS Atiya, A. Bagchi, A. Birge, J. Brabazon, A. Broadie, M. Campolieti, J. Cincotti, S. Downing, C. Gilli, M. Isaenko, S. Jacoby, G. Kumar, K. Klebaner, F. Li, X. Li, Y. Livdan, D. Lyuu, YD Nath, G. C. Okten, G. Oosterlee, C. W. Ouskel, A. M. Platen, E. Seco, L. Srinivasan, A. Srinivasan, R. Thenmozhi, M. Thulasiraman, P. Tsang, E. P.K. Wagner, A. Wang, L. Wilson, C. Wittum, G. Ing, CW amp Tanaka-Yamawaki, M. 2008, Pesan dari Kursi Workshop PDCoF-08, IPDPS Miami 2008 - Prosiding Pemrograman Paralel dan Distributed IEEE ke-22 Simposium, Program dan CD-ROM. ViewDownload dari: Situs penerbit Platen, E. 2007, Optimalisasi Portofolio berdasarkan Informasi Parsial, Metode Matematika Tingkat Lanjut di Konferensi Keuangan, Toulouse, Prancis. Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C .. Platen, E. amp Schlogl, E. 2007, Harga Real-Dunia untuk Model Struktur Termal, KREDIT 2007, Venice, Italia. Platen, E. 2007, Benchmark Approach to Continuous Time Finance, Lokakarya Pascasarjana Australia untuk Proses Stokastik dan Aplikasi, Sydney, Australia. Platen, E. 2007, Simulasi Model Dimensi Tinggi di Bidang Keuangan, Lokakarya Approximation Dimensional Tinggi, Canberra, Australia. Platen, E. 2007, Opsi Kematangan Ekstrim, Uang Muka Matematika Keuangan, Bedelow, Polandia. Platen, E. 2007, Solusi Numerik dari Persamaan Diferensial Stokastik dengan Melompati Keuangan, Proses Stokastik: Konferensi Teori dan Aplikasi, Bressanore, Italia. Platen, E. 2007, Solusi Numerik SDE dengan Lompatan di Bidang Keuangan, Kolokium Internasional mengenai Analisis Stokastik dan Potensi, Hammamut, Tunisia. Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C .. Platen, E. amp Schlogl, E. 2007, Model struktur istilah yang sesuai dengan pendekatan benchmark, Metode Kuantitatif di Konferensi Keuangan 2007, Sydney, Australia. Platen, E. 2004, penetapan harga aset untuk pasar dengan lonjakan berbasis intensitas, Stochastic Finance. Konferensi Internasional mengenai Keuangan Stochastic 2004, Springer, Lisboa, Portugal, hal. 157-182. ViewDownload dari: UTS OPUS DP0343913 Makalah ini mengusulkan kerangka kerja terpadu untuk optimasi portofolio, penetapan harga derivatif, pemodelan dan pengukuran risiko di pasar keuangan dengan proses harga keamanan yang menunjukkan lonjakan berbasis intensitas. Hal ini didasarkan pada asumsi alami bahwa menginvestasikan Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C. amp Platen, E. 2006, persamaan Heath Jarrow Morton untuk pendekatan lompatan pada pendekatan benchmark, Simposium Internasional ke-2 tentang Teori Ekonomi, Aplikasi amp kebijakan. Simposium Internasional ke-2 tentang Teori Ekonomi, Aplikasi amp kebijakan, -, Athena, Yunani. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2007, Pada perkiraan lemah proses jump-difusi dengan aplikasi di bidang keuangan, Prosiding Lokakarya VII mengenai Kuantitatif Keuangan. VII Lokakarya Keuangan Kuantitatif, Universitas Perugia, Italia, Perugia, Italia, hal. 1-96. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2006, Skema skema prediktor untuk proses jump-difusi., Konferensi Internasional mengenai Metode Numerik untuk Keuangan, Dublin, Irlandia. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2006, Metode koreksi prediktor lemah untuk mengatasi kesulitan keuangan, Simposium Nasional Matematika Keuangan ke-5, Melbourne, Australia. Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C. amp Platen, E. 2006, Pada perkiraan kuat proses jump-difusion, Kalkulus Stokastik dan Aplikasinya terhadap Kuantitatif Keuangan dan Teknik Elektro, Calgary, Kanada. Platen, E. 2006, maksimisasi rasio Sharpe dan utilitas yang diharapkan saat harga aset melonjak., 2006 Simposium tentang Risiko Kredit, Nilai Ekstrim dan Studi Aktuaria. Simposium tentang Risiko Kredit, Nilai Ekstrim dan Studi Aktuaria, Canberra, Australia. Platen, E. 2006, Pendekatan benchmark terhadap optimasi portofolio dan harga turunan., Statistical Modeling in Finance Conference. Pemodelan Statistik di Konferensi Keuangan, Philadelphia, AS. Platen, E. 2006, Pendekatan benchmark untuk optimasi portofolio dan harga turunan., Konferensi Pertama Metode Matematika Lanjutan untuk Keuangan. Konferensi Pertama Metode Matematika Lanjutan untuk Keuangan, Antalya, Turki. Platen, E. 2006, mengenai harga dan lindung nilai obligasi kupon nol berkepanjangan., Simposium Nasional Matematika Keuangan ke-5. Simposium Nasional Matematika Keuangan ke-5, Melbourne, Australia. Platen, E. 2006, Harga dan lindung nilai obligasi kupon tanpa tanggal yang panjang., 2006 Lokakarya Internasional DAIWA tentang Teknik Keuangan. Lokakarya Internasional DAIWA tentang Teknik Keuangan, Tokyo, Jepang. Platen, E. 2006, Pricing and hedging extreme maturity contracts under the benchmark approach., Quantitative Methods in Finance 2006 Conference . Quantitative Methods in Finance 2006 Conference, Sydney, Australia. Le, T. amp Platen, E. 2006, Approximating the growth optimal portfolio with a diversified world stock index., 3rd National Symposium on Financial Mathematics . 3rd National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, Melbourne, Australia. Platen, E. 2006, A parsimonious finacial market model in a jump diffusion setting, Workshop on Mathematical Finance and Insurance, Lijiang, China. Platen, E. 2006, A unified approach to portfolio optimization and derivative pricing., Conference on Risk Management . Conference on Risk Management, Ascona, Switzerland. Platen, E. 2004, A benchmark approach to finance, MATHEMATICAL FINANCE . Workshop on Mathematical Finance and Insurance, BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, Yellow Mt, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 131-151. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Martini, F. Piccardi, M.. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2005, A hardware generator for multi-point distributed random variables, 2005 IEEE International Symposium On Circuits And Systems (Iscas), Vols 1-6, Conference Proceedings . International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE Computer Society Press, Kobe, Japan, pp. 1702-1705. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Monte Carlo simulation of weak approximations of stochastic differential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. In applications such as finance, for instance, to achieve quotreal timequot execution, as often required, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random number generator underlying the simulations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a field programmable gate array is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the proposed hardware solution demonstrates that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency. Moreover, simulations in applications such as economics, insurance, physics, population dynamics, epidemiology, structural mechanics, chemistry and biotechnology can benefit from the obtained speedup. Hulley, H.. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2005, A comparative study of performance robustness for equity index models, 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics . 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, -, Day Dream Island, Australia. Hulley, H.. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2005, A comparative study of performance robustness for equity index models, Mathematics in Finance International Conference . Mathematics in Finance International Conference, -, Kruger National Park, South Africa. Miller, S. amp Platen, E. 2005, Analytic pricing of European contingent claims under the real world measure, 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics . 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, -, Day Dream Island, Australia. Platen, E. 2005, Portfolio optimization and derivative pricing in a jump diffusion market, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2005 Conference . Quantitative Methods in Finance 2005 Conference, -, Sydney, Australia. Platen, E. 2005, Investment for the short and long run, Econophysics Colloquium . Econophysics Colloquium, -, Canberra, Australia. Platen, E. 2005, A unified framework for portfolio optimisation and asset pricing, 49th Annual Meeting of the Australian Mathematical Society . 49th Annual Meeting of the Australian Mathematical Society, -, Perth, Australia. Platen, E. 2005, Investment for the short and long run, Past, Present and Future in Investment Management . Past, Present and Future in Investment Management, -, Sydney, Australia. Platen, E. 2005, A benchmark approach to finance, Workshop on Stochastic Analysis and Applications in Finance . Workshop on Stochastic Analysis and Applications in Finance, -, Leipzig, Germany. Platen, E. 2005, A general benchmark model for stochastic jump sizes, CMA National Research Symposium on Levy Process Theory and its Applications in Finance . CMA National Research Symposium on Levy Process Theory and its Applications in Finance, -, Canberra, Australia. Platen, E. 2005, On the role of the growth optimal portfolio in finance, 7th JAFEE International Conference . 7th JAFEE International Conference, -, Tokyo, Japan. Platen, E. 2005, On the role of the growth optimal portfolio in finance, Mathematical Finance Workshop . Mathematical Finance Workshop, -, Frankfurt, Gremany. Platen, E. 2005, On the role of the growth optimal portfolio in finance, 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics . 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, -, Day Dream Island, Australia. Platen, E. 2005, A unified framework for portfolio optimization and asset pricing, Developments in Quantitative Finance . Developments in Quantitative Finance, -, Cambridge, UK. Platen, E.. Hulley, H. amp Miller, S. 2005, Benchmarking and fair pricing applied to two market models, Conference on Stochastic Calculus and its Applications to Quantitative finance and Electrical Engineering . Conference on Stochastic Calculus and its Applications to Quantitative finance and Electrical Engineering, -, Calgary, Canada. Bruti Liberati, N. Platen, E.. Martini, F. amp Piccardi, M. 2005, A multi-point distributed random variable accelerator for Monte Carlo simulation in finance, Proceedings of 5th International Conference On Intelligent Systems Design And Applications . International Conference on Intelligent Systems Designs and Applications, IEEE, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 532-537. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The pricing and hedging of complex derivative securities via Monte Carlo simulations of stachastic deferential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. To achive real time execution, as often required by financial institutions, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random variables underlying the simulations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution is proposed. A comparative performance analysis demonstrates that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free and flexible, and significantly increases the computational efficiency of the software solution. Liberati, N. B. Platen, E.. Martini, F. amp Piccardi, M. 2005, An FPGA generator for multipoint distributed random variables, ACMSIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays - FPGA . Hal. 280. Multi-point distributed random variables whose moments match those of a Gaussian random variable up to a certain order play an important role in Monte Carlo simulations of weak approximations of stochastic differential equations. In applications such as finance, where quotreal timequot execution is required, there is a strong need for highly efficient implementations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the proposed hardware solution demonstrates that the FPGA solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency. Kelly, L. Platen, E. amp Sorensen, M. 2004, Estimation for discretely observed diffusions using transform functions., National symposium on probability and its applications . National symposium on probability and its applications, -, Canberra, Australia. Platen, E. 2004, Numerical solution of stochastic differential equations, Workshop on mathematical methods in finance . Workshop on mathematical methods in finance, -, Melbourne, Australia. Platen, E. 2004, Modelling the volatility and expected value of a diversified world index., International workshop on mathematical finance and insurance . -, Huang Shan, China. Platen, E. 2004, A benchmark approach to risk management., Stochastic finance 2004 . Stochastic finance 2004, -, Lisbon, Portugal. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2004, On the efficiency of simplified weak taylor schemes for monte carlo simulation in finance., Computational Science - ICCS 2004 . International Conference on Computational Science, Springer-Verlag, Poland, pp. 771-778. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2004, Local volatility function models under a benchmark approach., Daiwa International Workshop on Financial Engineering . Daiwa International Workshop on Financial Engineering, DAIWA, Tokyo Kyoto, Japan, pp. 1-19. Platen, E. 2003, Pricing and hedging for incomplete jump diffusion benchmark models, Mathematics of Finance: Proceedings of an AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference on Mathematics of Finance . AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference on Mathematics of Finance, American Mathematical Society, Snowbird, Utah, USA, pp. 287-301. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Platen, E. 2003, A benchmark framework for risk management, Proceedings of the Ritsumeikan International Symposium: Stochastic Processes and Applications to Mathematical Finance . International Symposium on Stochastic Processes and Applications to Mathematical Finance, World Scientific, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan, pp. 305-335. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Platen, E. 2004, Modelling the expected value of a diversified world index., 3rd World congress, Bachelier finance society . -, Chicago, USA. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2003, Pricing of index options under a minimal market model with lognormal scaling, Workshop on Mathematical Finance . --, St Johns, Canada. Platen, E. 2003, The two-factor interest rate term structure minimal market model, Japanese Association Financial Econometrics and Engineering Meeting . --, Tokyo, Japan. Platen, E. 2003, A benchmark framework for financial markets, Conference of Stochastic Processes and Mathematical Finance . --, Kyoto, Japan. Platen, E. 2003, An incomplete benchmark model, AMS-SIAM Mathematical Finance Conference . --, Salt Lake City. Platen, E. 2003, A class of complete benchmark models, 2nd National Symposium on Financial Mathematics . --, Sydney. Platen, E. 2003, Modeling the volatility and expected value of a diversified world index, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2003 Conference . --, Sydney. Platen, E. 2002, Arbitrage in continuous complete markets, 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society . 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society. Platen, E. 2002, Diversified portfolios in a benchmark framework, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference . Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference. Platen, E. 2002, Financial markets model, RISK 2003 Conference . RISK 2003 Conference. Platen, E. 2002, Diversified portfolios in a benchmark framework, Conference on Computational Finance . Conference on Computational Finance. Platen, E. 2002, A modified constant elasticity of varinace model, Quantitative Finance Conference . Quantitative Finance Conference. Heath, D. amp Platen, E. 2001, Pricing and hedging of index derivatives under an alternative asset price model with Eedogenous stochastic volatility, Recent developments in mathematical finance: Proceedings of the international conference on mathematical finance . International conference on mathematical finance, World Scientific, Shanghai, China, pp. 117-126. Platen, E. 2001, A Minimal Financial Market Model, Proceedings of Mathematical Finance: Workshop of the Mathematical Finance Research Project . Mathematical Finance: Workshop of the Mathematical Finance Research Project, Birkhausen Verlag, Konstanz, pp. 293-301. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Journal articles Kardaras, C. Oblj, J. amp Platen, E. 2017, The numraire property and long-term growth optimality for drawdown-constrained investments, Mathematical Finance . Vol. 27, tidak 1, pp. 68-95. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site We consider the portfolio choice problem for a long-run investor in a general continuous semimartingale model. We combine the decision criterion of pathwise growth optimality with a flexible specification of attitude toward risk, encoded by a linear drawdown constraint imposed on admissible wealth processes. We define the constrained numampeacuteraire property through the notion of expected relative return and prove that drawdown-constrained numampeacuteraire portfolio exists and is unique, but may depend on the investment horizon. However, when sampled at the times of its maximum and asymptotically as the time-horizon becomes distant, the drawdown-constrained numampeacuteraire portfolio is given explicitly through a model-independent transformation of the unconstrained numampeacuteraire portfolio. The asymptotically growth-optimal strategy is obtained as limit of numampeacuteraire strategies on finite horizons. Barkhagen, M. Blomvall, J. amp Platen, E. 2016, Recovering the real-world density and liquidity premia from option data, Quantitative Finance . Vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1147-1164. ViewDownload from: Publishers site ampcopy 2016 Taylor amp Francis In this paper, we develop a methodology for simultaneous recovery of the real-world probability density and liquidity premia from observed SampP 500 index option prices. Assuming the existence of a numampeacuteraire portfolio for the US equity market, fair prices of derivatives under the benchmark approach can be obtained directly under the real-world measure. Under this modelling framework, there exists a direct link between observed call option prices on the index and the real-world density for the underlying index. We use a novel method for the estimation of option-implied volatility surfaces of high quality, which enables the subsequent analysis. We show that the real-world density that we recover is consistent with the observed realized dynamics of the underlying index. This admits the identification of liquidity premia embedded in option price data. We identify and estimate two separate liquidity premia embedded in SampP 500 index options that are consistent with previous findings in the literature. Chan, L. amp Platen, E. 2016, Pricing of long dated equity-linked life insurance contracts, Stochastic Analysis and Applications . Vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 339-355. ViewDownload from: Publishers site ampcopy 2016 Taylor amp Francis Group, LLC. Abstract: This article adopts an approach to pricing of equity-linked life insurance contracts, which only requires the existence of the numampeacuteraire portfolio. An equity-linked life insurance contract is equivalent to a sum of the guaranteed amount and the value of an option on the equity index with some mortality risk attached. The numampeacuteraire portfolio equals the growth optimal portfolio and is used as numampeacuteraire or benchmark, where the real-world probability measure is taken as pricing measure. To obtain tractable solutions the short rate is modelled as a quadratic form of some Gaussian factor processes. Furthermore, the dynamics of the mortality rate is modelled as a threshold life table. The dynamics of the discounted equity market index or benchmark is modelled by a time transformed squared Bessel process. The equity-linked life insurance contracts are evaluated analytically. Platen, E. amp Du, K. 2016, Benchmarked Risk Minimization, Mathematical Finance . Vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 617-637. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Baldeaux, J. F. Grasselli, M. amp Platen, E. 2015, Pricing currency derivatives under the benchmark approach, Journal of Banking and Finance . Vol. 53, pp. 34-48. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper considers the realistic modelling of derivative contracts on exchange rates. We propose a stochastic volatility model that recovers not only the typically observed implied volatility smiles and skews for short dated vanilla foreign exchange options but allows one also to price payoffs in foreign currencies, lower than possible under classical risk neutral pricing, in particular, for long dated derivatives. The main reason for this important feature is the strict supermartingale property of benchmarked savings accounts under the real world probability measure, which the calibrated parameters identify under the proposed model. Using a real dataset on vanilla option quotes, we calibrate our model on a triangle of currencies and find that the risk neutral approach fails for the calibrated model, while the benchmark approach still works. Chan, L. amp Platen, E. 2015, Pricing and hedging of long dated variance swaps under a 32 volatility model, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics . Vol. 278, pp. 181-196. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site ampcopy 2014 Elsevier B. V. This paper investigates the pricing and hedging of variance swaps under a 32 volatility model using explicit formulae. Pricing and hedging is performed under the benchmark approach, which only requires the existence of the numampeacuteraire portfolio. The growth optimal portfolio is used as numampeacuteraire together with the real world probability measure as pricing measure. This real world pricing concept provides minimal prices for variance swaps even when an equivalent risk neutral probability measure does not exist. Baldeaux, J. Fung, M. C. Ignatieva, K. amp Platen, E. 2015, A Hybrid Model for Pricing and Hedging of Long-dated Bonds, Applied Mathematical Finance . Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 366-398. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Long-dated fixed income securities play an important role in asset-liability management, in life insurance and in annuity businesses. This paper applies the benchmark approach, where the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is employed as numampeacuteraire together with the real-world probability measure for pricing and hedging of long-dated bonds. It employs a time-dependent constant elasticity of variance model for the discounted GOP and takes stochastic interest rate risk into account. This results in a hybrid framework that models the stochastic dynamics of the GOP and the short rate simultaneously. We estimate and compare a variety of continuous-time models for short-term interest rates using non-parametric kernel-based estimation. The hybrid models remain highly tractable and fit reasonably well the observed dynamics of proxies of the GOP and interest rates. Our results involve closed-form expressions for bond prices and hedge ratios. Across all models under consideration we find that the hybrid model with the 32 dynamics for the interest rate provides the best fit to the data with respect to lowest prices and least expensive hedges. Baldeaux, J. amp Platen, E. 2015, Credit Derivative Evaluation and CVA Under the Benchmark Approach, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 305-331. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site In this paper, we discuss how to model credit risk under the benchmark approach. Firstly we introduce an affine credit risk model. We then show how to price credit default swaps (CDSs) and introduce credit valuation adjustment (CVA) as an extension of CDSs. In particular, our model can capture right-wayamp8212and wrong-way exposure. This means, we capture the dependence structure of the default event and the value of the transaction under consideration. For simple contracts, we provide closed-form solutions. However, due to the fact that we allow for a dependence between the default event and the value of the transaction, closed-form solutions are difficult to obtain in general. Hence we conclude this paper with a reduced form model, which is more tractable. Platen, E. amp Tappe, S. 2015, Real-World Forward Rate Dynamics With Affine Realizations, STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS . Vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 573-608. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Chan, L. amp Platen, E. 2015, Pricing volatility derivatives under the modified constant elasticity of variance model, Operations Research Letters . Vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 419-422. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site ampcopy 2015 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. This paper studies volatility derivatives such as variance and volatility swaps, options on variance in the modified constant elasticity of variance model using the benchmark approach. The analytical expressions of pricing formulas for variance swaps are presented. In addition, the numerical solutions for variance swaps, volatility swaps and options on variance are demonstrated. Fergusson, K. amp Platen, E. 2015, Application of Maximum Likelhood Estimation to Stochastic Short Rate Models, Annals of Financial Economics . Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1550009-1550009. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The application of maximum likelihood estimation is not well studied for stochastic short rate models because of the cumbersome detail of this approach. We investigate the applicability of maximum likelihood estimation to stochastic short rate models. We restrict our consideration to three important short rate models, namely the Vasicek, Coxamp8211Ingersollamp8211Ross (CIR) and 32 short rate models, each having a closed-form formula for the transition density function. The parameters of the three interest rate models are fitted to US cash rates and are found to be consistent with market assessments FERGUSSON, K. amp PLATEN, E. 2015, APPLICATION OF MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION TO STOCHASTIC SHORT RATE MODELS, Annals of Financial Economics . Vol. 10, no. 02. The application of maximum likelihood estimation is not well studied for stochastic short rate models because of the cumbersome detail of this approach. We investigate the applicability of maximum likelihood estimation to stochastic short rate models. We restrict our consideration to three important short rate models, namely the Vasicek, Coxampx2013Ingersollampx2013Ross (CIR) and 32 short rate models, each having a closed-form formula for the transition density function. The parameters of the three interest rate models are fitted to US cash rates and are found to be consistent with market assessments. Baldeaux, J. F. Ignatieva, K. amp Platen, E. 2014, A tractable model for indices approximating the growth optimal portfolio, Studies in NonLinear Dynamics and Econometrics . Vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-21. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Biagini, F. Cretarola, A. amp Platen, E. 2014, Local risk-minimization under the benchmark approach, Mathematics and Financial Economics . Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 109-134. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Du, K. amp Platen, E. 2014, Benchmarked risk minimization, Mathematical Finance . ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Fergusson, K. amp Platen, E. 2014, Hedging long-dated interest rate derivatives for Australian pension funds and life insurers, Australian Journal of Actuarial Practice . Vol. 1, pp. 29-44. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS West, J. amp Platen, E. 2014, Natural Disasters, Insurance Stocks and the Numeraire Portfolio, Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting . Vol. 12, pp. 23-58. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Nikeghbali, A. amp Platen, E. 2013, A reading guide for last passage times with financial applications in view, Finance amp Stochastics . Vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 615-640. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site In this survey on last passage times, we propose a new viewpoint which provides a unified approach to many different results which appear in the mathematical finance literature and in the theory of stochastic processes. In particular, we are able to improve the assumptions under which some well-known results are usually stated. Moreover we give some new and detailed calculations for the computation of the distribution of some large classes of last passage times. We have kept in this survey only the aspects of the theory which we expect potentially to be relevant for financial applications. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C. amp Platen, E. 2013, Alternative term structure models for reviewing the expectations puzzle, International Journal of Economic Research . Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 361-384. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Kardaras, C. amp Platen, E. 2013, Multiplicative approximation of wealth processes involving no-short-sale strategies via simple trading, Mathematical Finance . Vol. 23, tidak 3, pp. 579-590. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site A financial market model with general semimartingale asset-price processes and where agents can only trade using no-short-sales strategies is considered. We show that wealth processes using continuous trading can be approximated very closely by wealth processes using simple combinations of buy-and-hold trading. This approximation is based on controlling the proportions of wealth invested in the assets. As an application, the utility maximization problem is considered and it is shown that optimal expected utilities and wealth processes resulting from continuous trading can be approximated arbitrarily well by the use of simple combinations of buy-and-hold strategies. Platen, E. amp Shi, L. 2013, On the numerical stability of simulation methods for SDEs under multiplicative noise in finance, Quantitative Finance . Vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 183-194. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site When simulating discrete-time approximations of solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs), in particular martingales, numerical stability is clearly more important than some higher order of convergence. Discrete-time approximations of solutions of SDEs with multiplicative noise, similar to the BlackScholes model, are widely used in simulation in finance. The stability criterion presented in this paper is designed to handle both scenario simulation and Monte Carlo simulation, i. e. both strong and weak approximations. Methods are identified that have the potential to overcome some of the numerical instabilities experienced when using the explicit Euler scheme. This is of particular importance in finance, where martingale dynamics arise frequently and the diffusion coefficients are often multiplicative. Stability regions for a range of schemes are visualized and analysed to provide a methodology for a better understanding of the numerical stability issues that arise from time to time in practice. The result being that schemes that have implicitness in the approximations of both the drift and the diffusion terms exhibit the largest stability regions. Most importantly, it is shown that by refining the time step size one can leave a stability region and may face numerical instabilities, which is not what one is used to experiencing in deterministic numerical analysis. Kardaras, C. amp Platen, E. 2012, On the Dybvig-Ingersoll-Ross theorem, Mathematical Finance . Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 729-740. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The Dybvig-Ingersoll-Ross (DIR) theorem states that, in arbitrage-free term structure models, long-term yields and forward rates can never fall. We present a refined version of the DIR theorem, where we identify the reciprocal of the maturity date as the maximal order that long-term rates at earlier dates can dominate long-term rates at later dates. The viability assumption imposed on the market model is weaker than those appearing previously in the literature. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2012, Approximating the numeraire portfolio by naive diversification, Journal of Asset Management . Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 34-50. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Estimation theory has shown, owing to the limited estimation window available for real asset data, that the sample-based Markowitz mean-variance approach produces unreliable weights that fluctuate substantially over time. This article proposes an alternate approach to portfolio optimization, being the use of naive diversification to approximate the numampeacuteraire portfolio (NP). The NP is the strictly positive portfolio that, when used as benchmark, makes all benchmarked non-negative portfolios either mean decreasing or trendless. Furthermore, it maximizes expected logarithmic utility and outperforms any other strictly positive portfolio in the long run. The article proves for a well-securitized market that the naive equal value-weighted portfolio converges to the NP when the number of constituents tends to infinity. This result is model independent and, therefore, very robust. The systematic construction of diversified stock indices by naive diversification from real data is demonstrated. Even when taking transaction costs into account, these indices significantly outperform the corresponding market capitalization - weighted indices in the long run, indicating empirically their asymptotic proximity to the NP. Finally, in the time of financial crisis, a large equi-weighted fund carrying the investments of major pension funds and insurance companies would provide important liquidity. It would not only dampen the drawdown of a crisis, but would also moderate the excesses of an asset price bubble. Cheridito, P. Nikeghbali, A. amp Platen, E. 2012, Processes of class Sigma, last passage times, and drawdowns, SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics . Vol. 3, pp. 280-303. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site We propose a general framework for studying last passage times, suprema, and drawdowns of a large class of continuous-time stochastic processes. Our approach is based on processes of class Sigma and the more general concept of two processes, one of which moves only when the other is at the origin. After investigating certain transformations of such processes and their convergence properties, we provide three general representation results. The first allows the recovery of a process of class Sigma from its final value and the last time it visited the origin. In many situations this gives access to the distribution of the last time a stochastic process attains a certain level or is equal to its running maximum. It also leads to recently discovered formulas expressing option prices in terms of last passage times. Our second representation result is a stochastic integral representation that will allow us to price and hedge options on the running maximum of an underlying that are triggered when the underlying drops to a given level or, alternatively, when the drawdown or relative drawdown of the underlying attains a given height. The third representation gives conditional expectations of certain functionals of processes of class Sigma. It can be used to deduce the distributions of a variety of interesting random variables such as running maxima, drawdowns, and maximum drawdowns of suitably stopped processes. Hulley, H. amp Platen, E. 2012, Hedging for the long run, Mathematics and Financial Economics . Vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 105-124. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site In the years following the publication of Black and Scholes (J Political Econ, 81(3), 637-654, 1973), numerous alternative models have been proposed for pricing and hedging equity derivatives. Prominent examples include stochastic volatility models, jump-diffusion models, and models based on Lampeacutevy processes. These all have their own shortcomings, and evidence suggests that none is up to the task of satisfactorily pricing and hedging extremely long-dated claims. Since they all fall within the ambit of risk-neutral valuation, it is natural to speculate that the deficiencies of these models are (at least in part) attributable to the constraints imposed by the risk-neutral approach itself. To investigate this idea, we present a simple two-parameter model for a diversified equity accumulation index. Although our model does not admit an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure, it nevertheless fulfils a minimal no-arbitrage condition for an economically viable financial market. Furthermore, we demonstrate that contingent claims can be priced and hedged, without the need for an equivalent change of probability measure. Convenient formulae for the prices and hedge ratios of a number of standard European claims are derived, and a series of hedge experiments for extremely long-dated claims on the SampP 500 total return index are conducted. Our model serves also as a convenient medium for illustrating and clarifying several points on asset price bubbles and the economics of arbitrage. Ignatieva, K. amp Platen, E. 2012, Estimating the diffusion coefficient function for a diversified world stock index, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis . Vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1333-1349. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper deals with the estimation of continuous-time diffusion processes which model the dynamics of a well diversified world stock index (WSI). We use the nonparametric kernel-based estimation to empirically identify a square root type diffusion coefficient function in the dynamics of the discounted WSI. A square root process turns out to be an excellent building block for a parsimonious model for the WSI. Its dynamics allow capturing various empirical stylized facts and long term properties of the index, as well as, the explicit computation of various financial quantities Guo, Z. J. amp Platen, E. 2012, The small and large time implied volatilities in the minimal market model, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1-23. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper derives explicit formulas for both the small and the large time limits of the implied volatility in the minimal market model. It is shown that interest rates do impact on the implied volatility in the long run, even though they are negligible in the short time limit. GUO, Z. H.I. J.U. N. amp PLATEN, E. C.K. H.A. R.D. 2012, THE SMALL AND LARGE TIME IMPLIED VOLATILITIES IN THE MINIMAL MARKET MODEL, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 15, no. 08. This paper derives explicit formulas for both the small and the large time limits of the implied volatility in the minimal market model. It is shown that interest rates do impact on the implied volatility in the long run, even though they are negligible in the short time limit. Ignatieva, K. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2011, Using Dynamic Copulae for Modeling Dependency in Currency Denominations of a Diversified World Stock Index, Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice . Vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 425-452. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The aim of this paper is to model the dependency among log-returns when security account prices are expressed in units of a well diversified world stock index. The dependency in log-returns of currency denominations of the index is modeled using time-varying copulae, aiming to identify the best fitting copula family. The Student-t copula turns generally out to be superior to e. g. the Gaussian copula, where the dependence structure relates to the multivariate normal distribution. It is shown that merely changing the distributional assumption for the log-returns of the marginals from normal to Student-t leads to a significantly better fit. The Student-t copula with Student-t marginals is able to better capture dependent extreme values than the other models considered. Furthermore, the paper applies copulae to the estimation of the Value-at-Risk and the expected shortfall of a portfolio constructed of savings accounts of different currencies. The proposed copula-based approach allows to split market risk into general and specific market risk, as defined in regulatory documents. The paper demonstrates that the approach performs clearly better than the RiskMetrics approach, a widely used methodology for Value-at-Risk estimation. Kardaras, C. amp Platen, E. 2011, On the semimartingale property of discounted asset-price processes, Stochastic Processes And Their Applications . Vol. 121, no. 11, pp. 2678-2691. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site A financial market model where agents trade using realistic combinations of simple (i. e. finite combinations of buy-and-hold) no-short-sales strategies is considered. Minimal assumptions are made on the discounted asset-price process. in particular, the semimartingale property is not assumed. Via a natural market viability assumption, namely, absence of arbitrage of the first kind, we establish that discounted asset-prices have to be semimartingales. Our main result can also be regarded as reminiscent of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing. Platen, E. amp West, J. 2011, Intraday Empirical Analysis of Electricity Price Behaviour, Communications on Stochastic Analysis . Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 721-744. This paper proposes an approach to the intraday analysis of the dynamics of electricity prices. The growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is used as a reference unit in a continuous financial electricity price model. A diversified global portfolio in the form a market capitalisation weighted index approx - imates the GOP. The GOP, measured in units of electricity, is normalised and then modelled as a time transformed square root process of dimension four. The dynamics of the resulting process is empirically verified. Intra - day spot electricity prices from the US and Australian markets are used for this analysis. The empirical findings identify a simple but realistic model for examining the volatile behaviour of electricity prices. The proposed model reflects the historical price evolution reasonably well by using only a few ro - bust and readily observable parameters. The evolution of the transformed time is modelled via a rapidly evolving market activity. A periodic, ergodic process with deterministic volatility is used to model market activity. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2010, Quasi-exact approximation of hidden Markov chain filters, Communications on Stochastic Analysis . Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 129-142. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS This paper studies the application of exact simulation methods for multi-dimensional multiplicative noise stochastic differential equations to filtering. Stochastic differential equations with multiplicative noise naturally occur as Zakai equation in hidden Markov chain filtering. The paper proposes a quasi-exact approximation method for hidden Markov chain filters, which can be applied when discrete time approximations, such as the Euler scheme, may fail in practice. Kardaras, C. amp Platen, E. 2010, Minimizing the expected market time to reach a certain wealth level, SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics . Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 16-29. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site In a financial market model, we consider variations of the problem of minimizing the expected time to upcross a certain wealth level. For exponential Lampacuteevy markets, we show the asymptotic optimality of the growth-optimal portfolio for the above problem and obtain tight bounds for the value function for any wealth level. In an Ito market, we employ the concept of market time, which is a clock that runs according to the underlying market growth. We show the optimality of the growth-optimal portfolio for minimizing the expected market time to reach any wealth level. This reveals a general definition of market time which can be useful from an investors point of view. We utilize this last definition to extend the previous results in a general semimartingale setting. Ignatieva, K. amp Platen, E. 2010, Modelling co-movements and tail dependency in the international stock market via copulae, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 261-302. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper examines international equity market co-movements using time-varying copulae. We examine distributions from the class of Symmetric Generalized Hyperbolic (SGH) distributions for modelling univariate marginals of equity index returns. We show based on the goodness-of-fit testing that the SGH class outperforms the normal distribution, and that the Student-t assumption on marginals leads to the best performance, and thus, can be used to fit multivariate copula for the joint distribution of equity index returns. We show in our study that the Student-t copula is not only superior to the Gaussian copula, where the dependence structure relates to the multivariate normal distribution, but also outperforms some alternative mixture copula models which allow to reflect asymmetric dependencies in the tails of the distribution. The Student-t copula with Student-t marginals allows to model realistically simultaneous co-movements and to capture tail dependency in the equity index returns. Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C. amp Platen, E. 2010, Real-world jump-diffusion term structure models, Quantative Finance . Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 23-37. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper considers interest rate term structure models in a market attracting both continuous and discrete types of uncertainty. The event-driven noise is modelled by a Poisson random measure. Using as numeraire the growth optimal portfolio, interest rate derivatives are priced under the real-world probability measure. In particular, the real-world dynamics of the forward rates are derived and, for specific volatility structures, finite-dimensional Markovian representations are obtained. Furthermore, allowing for a stochastic short rate in a non-Markovian setting, a class of tractable affine term structures is derived where an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure may not exist Miller, S. amp Platen, E. 2010, Real-world pricing for a modified constant elasticity of variance model, Applied Mathematical Finance . Vol. 1466-4313, pp. 1-29. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper considers a modified constant elasticity of variance (MCEV) model. This model uses the familiar constant elasticity of variance form for the volatility of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) in a continuous market. It leads to a GOP that follows the power of a time-transformed squared Bessel process. This paper derives analytic real-world prices for zero-coupon bonds, instantaneous forward rates and options on the GOP that are both theoretically revealing and computationally efficient. In addition, the paper examines options on exchange prices and options on zero-coupon bonds under the MCEV model. The semi-analytic prices derived for options on zero-coupon bonds can subsequently be used to price interest rate caps and floors. Filipovic, D. amp Platen, E. 2009, Consistent Market Extensions Under the Benchmark Approach, Mathematical Finance . Vol. 19, tidak 1, pp. 41-52. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The existence of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP), also known as the Kelly portfolio, is vital for a financial market to be meaningful. The GOP, if it exists, is uniquely determined by the market parameters of the primary security accounts. However, markets may develop and new security accounts become tradable. What happens to the GOP if the original market is extended In this paper we provide a complete characterization of market extensions which are consistent with the existence of a GOP. We show that a three fund separation theorem applies for the extended GOP. This includes, in particular, the introduction of a locally risk free security, the savings account. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a consistent exogenous specification of the prevailing short rates. Mittnik, S. Nell, E. Platen, E.. Semmler, W. amp Chappe, R. 2009, Financial market meltdown and a need for new financial regulations, METU Studies in Development . Vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 253-269. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS The financial crisis, triggered by the subprime and real estate crisis in the US, has become global It is deeply rooted in a decade-long misuse of the financial market for rent-seeking. The financial industry has largely abandoned Its role as a service industry, supposedly charging reasonable fees for the services of spreading risk and allocating capital and credit. Instead it provides a market for speculation, corporate control - mergers and acquisitions -: and a casino for bettmg on or hedging practically any kind of risk - the derivatives market. Breymann, W. Luthi, D. amp Platen, E. 2009, Empirical behavior of a world stock index from intra-day to monthly time scales, The European Physical Journal B . Vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 511-522. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Most of the papers that study the distributional and fractal properties of financial instruments focus on stock prices or foreign exchange rates. This typically leads to mixed results concerning the distributions of log-returns and some multi-fractal properties of exchange rates, stock prices, and regional indices. This paper uses a well diversified world stock index as the central object of analysis. Such index approximates the growth optimal portfolio, which is demonstrated under the benchmark approach, it is the ideal reference unit for studying basic securities. When denominating this world index in units of a given currency, one measures the movements of the currency against the entire market. This provides a least disturbed observation of the currency dynamics. In this manner, one can expect to disentangle, e. g. the superposition of the two currencies involved in an exchange rate. This benchmark approach to the empirical analysis of financial data allows us to establish remarkable stylized facts. Most important is the observation that the repeatedly documented multi-fractal appearance of financial time series is very weak and much less pronounced than the deviation of the mono-scaling properties from Brownian-motion type scaling. The generalized Hurst exponent H(2) assumes typical values between 0.55 and 0.6. Accordingly, autocorrelations of log-returns decay according to a power law, and the quadratic variation vanishes when going to vanishing observation time step size. Ghilarducci, T. Nell, E. Mittnik, S. Platen, E.. Semmler, W. amp Chappe, R. 2009, Memorandum on A new financial architecture and new regulations, Investigacion Economica . Vol. 68, no. 267, pp. 147-161. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C.. Platen, E. amp Schlogl, E. 2009, Alternative defaultable term structure models, Asia - Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-31. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The objective of this paper is to consider defaultable term structure models in a general setting beyond standard risk-neutral models. Using as numeraire the growth optimal portfolio, defaultable interest rate derivatives are priced under the real-world probability measure. Therefore, the existence of an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure is not required. In particular, the real-world dynamics of the instantaneous defaultable forward rates under a jump-diffusion extension of a HJM type framework are derived. Thus, by establishing a modelling framework fully under the real-world probability measure, the challenge of reconciling real-world and risk-neutral probabilities of default is deliberately avoided, which provides significant extra modelling freedom. In addition, for certain volatility specifications, finite dimensional Markovian defaultable term structure models are derived. The paper also demonstrates an alternative defaultable term structure model. It provides tractable expressions for the prices of defaultable derivatives under the assumption of independence between the discounted growth optimal portfolio and the default-adjusted short rate. These expressions are then used in a more general model as control variates for Monte Carlo simulations of credit derivatives. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2009, Exact scenario simulation for selected multi-dimensional stochastic processes, Communications on Stochastic Analysis . Vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 443-465. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Accurate scenario simulation methods for solutions of multi - dimensional stochastic differential equations find application in stochastic analysis, the statistics of stochastic processes and many other areas, for instance, in finance. Various discrete time simulation methods have been developed over the years. However, the simulation of solutions of some stochastic differential equations can be problematic due to systematic errors and numerical instabilities. Therefore, it is valuable to identify multi-dimensional stochastic differential equations with solutions that can be simulated exactly. This avoids several of the theoretical and practical problems encountered by those simulation methods that use discrete time approximations. This paper provides a survey of methods for the exact simulation of paths of some multidimensional solutions of stochastic differential equations including Ornstein - Uhlenbeck, square root, squared Bessel, Wishart and Lampacuteevy type processes. Platen, E. 2008, The Law of Minimum Price, Research Paper Series . Vol. -, no. 215, pp. 1-24. Miller, S. amp Platen, E. 2008, Analytic Pricing of Contingent Claims Under the Real-World Measure, Research Paper Series . Vol. -, no. 216, pp. 1-30. Kardaras, C. amp Platen, E. 2008, On Financial Markets where only Buy-And-Hold Trading is Possible, Research Paper Series . Vol. -, no. 213, pp. 1-24. Platen, E. amp Hulley, H. 2008, Hedging for the long run, Research Paper Series . Vol. -, no. 214, pp. 1-24. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2008, Strong Predictor-Corrector Euler Methods for Stochastic Differential Equations, Stochastics and Dynamics . Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 561-581. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper introduces a new class of numerical schemes for the pathwise approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). The proposed family of strong predictor-corrector Euler methods are designed to handle scenario simulation of solutions of SDEs. It has the potential to overcome some of the numerical instabilities that are often experienced when using the explicit Euler method. This is of importance, for instance, in finance where martingale dynamics arise for solutions of SDEs with multiplicative diffusion coefficients. Numerical experiments demonstrate the improved asymptotic stability properties of the new symmetric predictor-corrector Euler methods. Bruti Liberati, N. Martini, F. Piccardi, M. amp Platen, E. 2008, A Hardware Generator of Multi-Point Distributed Random Numbers for Monte Carlo Simulation, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation . Vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 45-56. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Monte Carlo simulation of weak approximation of stochastic differential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. In applications such as finance, for instance, to achieve quotreal timequot execution, as often required, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random number generator underlying the simulations. In this paper, a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a field programmable gate array is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the poposed hardware solution demonstrated that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency. Moreover, simulations in Applications wuch as economics insurance, physics, population dynamics, epidemiology, structural mechanics, checmistry and biotechnology can benefit from the obtained speedups. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2008, Empirical evidence on Student-t log-returns of diversified world stock indices, Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice . Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 233-251. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The aim of this paper is to document some empirical facts related to log-returns of diversified workld stock indices when these are denominated in different currencies. Motivated by eaarlier results we jave obtained the estimated distribution of log-returns for a range of world sotckindices over long observation periods. We expand previous studies bya pplying the maximum likelihood ration test to the large class of generalised hyperbolic distributions and investigate the log-returns ofa variety of diversified world stock indices in different currency denominations. Miller, S. amp Platen, E. 2008, Analytic pricing of contingent claims under the real-world measure, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 841-867. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This article derives a series of analytic formulae for various contingent claims under the real-world probability measure using the stylised minimal market model (SMMM). This model provides realistic dynamics for the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as a well-diversified equity index. It captures both leptokurtic returns with correct tail properties and the leverage effect. Under the SMMM, the discounted GOP takes the form of a time-transformed squared Bessel process of dimension four. From this property, one finds that the SMMM possesses a special and interesting relationship to non-central chi-square random variables with zero degrees of freedom. The analytic formulae derived under the SMMM include options on the GOP, options on exchange prices and options on zero-coupon bonds. For options on zero-coupon bonds, analytic prices facilitate efficient calculation of interest rate caps and floors. Hulley, H. amp Platen, E. 2008, A visual classification of local martingales, Quantitative Finance Research Paper Series . Vol. 238. This paper considers the problem of when a local martingale is a martingale or a universally integrable martingale, for the case of time-homogeneous scalar diffusions. Necessary and sufficient conditions of a geometric nature are obtained for answering this question. These results are widely applicable to problems in stochastic finance. For example, in order to apply risk-neutral pricing, one must first check that the chosen density process for an equivalent change of probability measure is in fact a martingale. If not, risk-neutral pricing is infeasible. Furthermore, even if the density process is a martingale, the possibility remains that the discounted price of some security could be a strict local martingale under the equivalent risk-neutral probability measure. In this case, well-known identities for option prices, such as put-call parity, may fail. Using our results, we examine a number of basic asset price models, and identify those that suffer from the above-mentioned difficulties. Hardle, W. K. Kleinow, T. Korostelev, A. Logeay, C. amp Platen, E. 2008, Semiparametric Diffusion Estimation and application to a Stock Market Index, Quantitative Finance . Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 81-92. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The analysis of diffusion processes in financial models is crucially dependent on the form of the drift and diffusion coefficient functions. A new model for a stock market index process is proposed in which the index is decomposed into an average growth process and an ergodic diffusion. The ergodic diffusion part of the model is not directly observable. A methodology is developed for estimating and testing the coefficient functions of this unobserved diffusion process. The estimation is based on the observations of the index process and uses semiparametric and non-parametric techniques. The testing is performed via the wild bootstrap resampling technique. The method is illustrated on SampP 500 index data. MILLER, S. H.A. N.E. M. amp PLATEN, E. C.K. H.A. R.D. 2008, ANALYTIC PRICING OF CONTINGENT CLAIMS UNDER THE REAL-WORLD MEASURE, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 11, no. 08, pp. 841-867. This article derives a series of analytic formulae for various contingent claims under the real-world probability measure using the stylised minimal market model (SMMM). This model provides realistic dynamics for the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as a well-diversified equity index. It captures both leptokurtic returns with correct tail properties and the leverage effect. Under the SMMM, the discounted GOP takes the form of a time-transformed squared Bessel process of dimension four. From this property, one finds that the SMMM possesses a special and interesting relationship to non-central chi-square random variables with zero degrees of freedom. The analytic formulae derived under the SMMM include options on the GOP, options on exchange prices and options on zero-coupon bonds. For options on zero-coupon bonds, analytic prices facilitate efficient calculation of interest rate caps and floors. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2007, Strong Approximations of Stochastic Differential Equations with Jumps, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics . Vol. 205, no. 2, pp. 982-1001. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper is a survey of strong discrete time approximations of jump-diffusion processes described by stochastic differential equations (SDEs). It also presents new results on strong discrete time approximations for the specific case of pure jump SDEs. Strong approximations based on jump-adapted time discretizations, which produce no discretization error in the case of pure jump processes, are analyzed. The computational complexity of these approximations is proportional to the jump intensity. By exploiting a stochastic expansion for pure jump processes, higher order discrete time approximations, whose computational complexity is not dependent on the jump intensity, are proposed. For the specific case of pure jump SDEs, the strong order of convergence of strong Taylor schemes is established under weaker conditions than those currently known in the literature. Platen, E. amp Runggaldier, W. J. 2007, A Benchmark Approach to Portfolio Optimization under Partial Information, Asia Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 25-43. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper proposes a filtering methodology for portfolio optimization when some factors of the underlying model are only partially observed. The level of information is given by the observed quantities that are here supposed to be the primary securities and empirical log-price covariations. For a given level of information we determine the growth optimal portfolio, identify locally optimal portfolios that are located on a corresponding Markowitz efficient frontier and present an approach for expected utility maximization. We also present an expected utility indifference pricing approach under partial information for the pricing of nonreplicable contracts. This results in a real world pricing formula under partial information that turns out to be independent of the subjective utility of the investor and for which an equivalent risk neutral probability measure need not exist. Christensen, M. M. amp Platen, E. 2007, Sharpe Ratio Maximization and Expected Utility When Asset Prices Have Jumps, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1339-1364. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2007, Approximation of Jump Diffusions in Finance and Economics, Computational Economics . Vol. 29, no. 3-4, pp. 283-312. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS In finance and economics the key dynamics are often specified via stochastic differential equations (SDEs) of jump-diffusion type. The class of jump-diffusion SDEs that admits explicit solutions is rather limited. Consequently, discrete time approximations are required. In this paper we give a survey of strong and weak numerical schemes for SDEs with jumps. Strong schemes provide pathwise approximations and therefore can be employed in scenario analysis, filtering or hedge simulation. Weak schemes are appropriate for problems such as derivative pricing or the evaluation of risk measures and expected utilities. Here only an approximation of the probability distribution of the jump-diffusion process is needed. As a framework for applications of these methods in finance and economics we use the benchmark approach. Strong approximation methods are illustrated by scenario simulations. Numerical results on the pricing of options on an index are presented using weak approximation methods. Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C. amp Platen, E. 2006, First order strong approximations of jump diffusions, Monte Carlo Methods and Applications . Vol. 12, no. 3-4, pp. 191-209. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Fergusson, K. J. amp Platen, E. 2006, On the distributional characterization of daily log-returns of a world stock index, Applied Mathematical Finance . Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-38. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site In this paper distributions are identified which suitably fit log-returns of the world stock index when these are expressed in units of different currencies. By searching for a best fit in the class of symmetric generalized hyperbolic distributions the maximum likelihood estimates appear to cluster in the neighbourhood of those of the Student t distribution. This is confirmed at a high significance level under the likelihood ratio test. Finally, the paper derives the minimal market model, which explains the empirical findings as a consequence of the optimal market dynamics Le, T. amp Platen, E. 2006, Approximating the growth optimal portfolio with a diversified world stock index, The Journal of Risk Finance . Vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 559-574. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Purpose This paper aims to construct and compare various total-return world stock indices based on daily data. Designmethodologyapproach Because of diversification, these indices are noticeably similar. A diversification theorem identifies any diversified portfolio as a proxy for the growth optimal portfolio. Findings The paper constructs a diversified world stock index that outperforms a number of other indices and argues that it is a good proxy for the growth optimal portfolio. Originalityvalue The diversified world stock index has applications to derivative pricing and investment management. Platen, E. 2006, A benchmark approach to asset management, Journal of Asset Management . Vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 390-405. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site DP0343913 This paper aims to discuss the optimal selection of investments for the short and long runin a continuous time financial market setting. First, it documents the almost sure pathwise long-run outperformance of all positive portfolios by the growth optimal portfolio. Secondly, it assumes that every investor prefers more rather than less wealth and keeps the freedom to adjust his or her risk aversion at any time. In a general continuous market, a two fund separation result is derived which yields optimal portfolios located on the Markowitz efficient frontier. A optimal portfolio is shown to have a fraction of its wealth invested inthe growth optimal portfolio and the remaining fraction inthe savings account. The risk aversion of the investor at a given time determines the volatility of herhis optimal portfolio. It is pointed out that it is usually not rational to reduce risk aversion further than is necessary to achieve the maximum growth rate. Assuming an optimal dynamics for a global market, the market portfolio turns out to be growth optimal. The discounted market portfolio is shown to follow a particular time transformed diffusion process with explicitly known transition density. Assuming that the drift og yhr discounted market portfolio grows exponentially, a parsimonioous and realistic model for its dynamics results. It allows for efficient portfolio optimisation and derivative pricing. Platen, E. 2006, A benchmark approach to finance, Mathematical Finance . Vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 131-151. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper derives a unified framework for portfolio optimization, derivative pricing, financial modeling, and risk measurement. It is based on the natural assumption that investors prefer more rather than less, in the sense that given two portfolios wit Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2006, Local volatility function models under a benchmark approach, Quantitative Finance . Vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 197-206. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Without requiring the existence of an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure this paper studies a class of one-factor local volatility function models for stock indices under a benchmark approach. It is assumed that the dynamics for a large diversif Platen, E. 2006, Portfolio selection and asset pricing under a benchmark approach, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics And Its Applications . Vol. 370, no. 1, pp. 23-29. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The paper presents classical and new results on portfolio optimization, as well as the fair pricing concept for derivative pricing under the benchmark approach. The growth optimal portfolio is shown to be a central object in a market model. It links asse Breymann, W. Kelly, L. amp Platen, E. 2006, Intraday empirical analysis and modeling of diversified world stock indices, Asia - Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-28. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS This paper proposes an approach to the intraday analysis of diversified world stock accumulation indices. The growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is used as reference unit or benchmark in a continuous financial market model. Diversified portfolios, covering the world stock market, are constructed and shown to approximate the GOP, providing the basis for a range of financial applications. The normalized GOP is modeled as a time transformed square root process of dimension four. Its dynamics are empirically verified for several world stock indices. Furthermore, the evolution of the transformed time is modeled as the integral over a rapidly evolving mean-reverting market activity process with deterministic volatility. The empirical findings suggest a rather simple and robust model for a world stock index that reflects the historical evolution, by using only a few readily observable parameters. Bruti-Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos-Sklibosios, C. amp Platen, E. 2006, First order strong approximations of jump diffusions, Monte Carlo Methods and Applications . Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 191-209. ViewDownload from: Publishers site This paper presents new results on strong numerical schemes, which are appropriate for scenario analysis, filtering and hedge simulation, for stochastic differential equations (SDEs) of jump-diffusion type. It provides first order strong approximations for jump-diffusion SDEs driven by Wiener processes and Poisson random measures. The paper covers first order derivative-free, drift-implicit and jump-adapted strong approximations. Moreover, it provides a commutativity condition under which the computational effort of first order strong schemes is independent of the total intensity of the jump measure. Finally, a numerical study on the accuracy of several strong schemes applied to the Merton model is presented. ampcopy VSP 2006. Burrage, K. Burrage, P. Higham, D. J. Kloeden, P. E. amp Platen, E. 2006, Comment on numerical methods for stochastic differential equations, Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics . Vol. 74, no. 6. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2005, Currency derivatives under a minimal market model with random scaling, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1157-1177. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS This paper uses an alternative, parsimonious volatility model to describe the dunamics of a currency market for the pricing and hedging of derivatives. Time transformed squared Bessel processes are the basic driving factors of the minimal marketr model. The time transformation is chracterised by a random scaling, wich provides for realistic exchange rate dynamics. The pricing of standard European options is studied. In particular, it is shown that the model produces implied volatility surfaces that are tpically observed in real markets. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2005, Understanding the implied volatility surface for options on a diversified index, Asia-Pacific Financial markets . Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 55-77. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS This paper describes a two-factor model for a diveersified index that attempts to explain both the leverage effect and the implied volatility skews that are characteristic of index options. Our formulation is based on an analhsis of the growth optimal portfolio and a corresponding random market activity time where the discounted growth optimal portfolio is expressed as a time transformed square Bessel process of dimension four. It turns our that for this index model an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure does not exist because the corresponding Radon-Nikodym derivative process is a strict local martingale. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework is established by using the benchmark approach. The prposed model, which includes a random initial condition for market activity, generates implied colatility surfaces for European call and put options that are typically observed in real markets. The paper also examines the price differences of binary options for th epropsed model and their Black-Scholes counterparts. Platen, E. 2005, On the role of the growth optimal portfolio in finance, Australian Economic Papers . Vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 365-388. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS The paper discusses various roles that the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) plays in finance. For the case of a continuous market we show how the GOP can be interpreted as a fundamental building block in financial market modelling, portfolio optimisation, contingent claim pricing and risk measurement. On the basis of aportfolio selection theorem, optimal portfolios are derived. These allocate funds into the GOP and the savings account. A risk aversion coefficient is introduced, controlling the amount invested in the savings account, which allows to characterise portfolio strategies that maximise expected utilities. Natural conditions are formulated under which the GOP appears as the market portfolio. derivation of the intertemporal capital asset pricving model is given without relying on Markovianity, equilibrium arguments or utility functions. Fair contingent claim pricing, with the GOP as numeraire portfolio, is shown to generalise risk neutral and actuarial pricing. Finally the GOPis described in various ways as the best performing portfolio. Platen, E. amp West, J. M. 2005, A fair pricing approach to weather derivatives, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 23-53. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS This paper proposes a consistent approach to the pricing of weather derivatives. Since weather derivatives are traded in an incomplete market setting, standard hedging based pricing methods cannot be applied. The growth optimal portfolio, which is interpreted as a world stock index, is used as a benchmark or numeraire such that all benchmarked derivative price processes are martingales. No measure transformation is needed for the proposed fair paricing. For weather derivative payoffs that are independent of the value of the growth optimal portfolio, it is shown that the classical actuarial pricing methodology is a particular case of the fair pricing concepts. A discrete time model is constructed to approximate historical weather characteristics. The fair prices of some partuclar weather derivatives are derived using historical and Gaussian residuals. The question of weather risk as diversifiable risk is also discussed. Platen, E. amp Runggaldier, W. J. 2005, A benchmark approach to filtering in finance, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 79-105. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS The paper propsoed the use of the growth optimal portfolio for pricing and hedging in imcomplete markets when there are unobserved factors that have to be filtered. The proposed filtering framework is applicable also in cases when there does not exist an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure. The reduction of the variance of derivative prices for increasing degrees of available iformation is measured. Platen, E. 2005, Diversified portfolios with jumps in a benchmark framework, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-22. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS This paper considers diversified portfolios in a sequence of jump diffusion market models. Conditions for the approximation of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) by diversified portfolios are provided. Under realistic assumptions, it is shown that diversified portfolios approximate GOP without requiring any major model specifications. This provides a basis for systematic use of diversified stock indices as proxies for the GOP in derivative pricing, risk management and portfolio optimisation Miller, S. amp Platen, E. 2005, A two-factor model for low interest rate regimes, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 107-133. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS This paper derives a two-factor model for the term structure of interest rates that segments the yield curve in a natural way. The first factor involves modelling a non-negative short rate process that primarily determines the early part of the yielf curve and is obtained as a truncated Gaussian short rate. The second factor mainly influences the later part of the yield curve via the market index. The market index proxies the growth optimal portfolio (GOP and is modelled as a aquared Bessel process of dimension four. Although this setup can be applied to any interest rate environment, thsi study focusses in the difficult but important case where the short rate stays close to zero for a prolonged period of time. FOr the proposed model, an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure is neither possile nor required. Hence we use the benchmark approach where the GOP is chosen as numeraire. Fair derivative prices are then calculated via conditional expectations under the real world probability measure. Using this methodology we derive pricing functions for zero coupon bonds and options on zero coupon bonds. The proposed model naturally generates yield curve shapes commonly observed in the market. More importantly, themodel replicates the ket features of the inetrest rate cap market for economies with low inetrest rate regimes. In particular, the implied volatility term structure displ ays a consistent downward slope from extremely high levels of volatility together with a distinct negative skew. Chiarella, C. amp Platen, E. 2005, Special Issue: Introduction To Selected Proceedings From The Quantitative Methods In Finance 2004 Conference (QMF 2004), Quantitative Finance . Vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 235-235. Christensen, M. M. amp Platen, E. 2005, A general benchmark model for stochastic jump sizes, Stochastic Analysis And Applications . Vol. 23, tidak 5, pp. 1017-1044. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Under few technical assumptions and allowing for the absence of an equivalent martingale measure, we show how to price and hedge in a sequence of incomplete markets driven by Wiener noise and a marked point process. We investigate the structure of market Platen, E. 2005, An alternative interest rate term structure model, International Journal of Theoretical amp Applied Finance . Vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 717-735. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS This paper proposes and alternative approach to the modeling of the interest rate twem structure. It suggests that the total market price for risk is an important factor that has to be modeled carefully. The growth optimal portfolio which is characterised by thie factor is used as reference unit or benchmark for obtaining a cosistent price system. Benchmarked derivative prices are tajen as conditional expectations of future bench-marked prices under the real world probability measure. The inverse of the squared total market price for risk is modeled as a square root process and shown to influence the medium and long term forward rates. With constant parameters and constant short rate the model already generates a hump shaped mean for the forward rate curve and other empirical features typically observed. Hulley, H.. Miller, S. amp Platen, E. 2005, Benchmarking and fair pricing applied to two market models, The Kyoto Economic Review . Vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 85-118. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS This paper considers a market containing both continuous and discrete noise. Modest assumptions ensure the existence of a growth optimal portfolio. Non-negative self-financing trading strategies, when benchmarked by this portfolio, are local martingales unde the real-world measure. This justifies the fair pricing approach, which expresses derivative prices in terms of real-world conditional expectations of benchmarked pay-offs. Two models for benchmarked primary security accounts are presentated, and fair pricing formulas for some common contingent claims are derived. PLATEN, E. C.K. H.A. R.D. 2005, AN ALTERNATIVE INTEREST RATE TERM STRUCTURE MODEL, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 08, no. 06, pp. 717-735. This paper proposes an alternative approach to the modeling of the interest rate term structure. It suggests that the total market price for risk is an important factor that has to be modeled carefully. The growth optimal portfolio, which is characterized by this factor, is used as reference unit or benchmark for obtaining a consistent price system. Benchmarked derivative prices are taken as conditional expectations of future benchmarked prices under the real world probability measure. The inverse of the squared total market price for risk is modeled as a square root process and shown to influence the medium and long term forward rates. With constant parameters and constant short rate the model already generates a hump shaped mean for the forward rate curve and other empirical features typically observed. Platen, E. 2004, A class of complete benchmark models with intensity-based jumps, Journal Of Applied Probability . Vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 19-34. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Kelly, L. Platen, E. amp Sorensen, M. 2004, Estimation for discretely observed diffusions using transform functions, Journal Of Applied Probability . Vol. 41, no. A, pp. 99-118. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Craddock, M. J. amp Platen, E. 2004, Symmetry group methods for fundamental solutions, Journal of Differential Equations . Vol. 207, no. 2, pp. 285-302. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Platen, E. 2004, Modeling the volatility and expected value of a diversified world index, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 511-529. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site This paper considers a diversified world tock index in a continuous financial market with the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as reference unit or benchmark. Diversified boradly based indices and portfolios, which include major world stock market indices, are shown to approximate the GOP. It is demonstated that a key financial quantity is the trend of a world index. It turns out tat it can be directly observed since the expected increments of the index equal four times those of the quadratic variation of its square root. Using a world atock index as approximation of the discounted GTOP it is shown that, in reality, the trend of the discounted GOP does not vary greatly in the long term. This leads for a diversified world index to a natural model, where the index is transformed square root process of dimension four. The squared index volatility appears then as the inverse of the square root process. This feature explains most of te properties of an index and its volatility Platen, E. amp Stahl, G. 2003, A structure for general and specific market risk, Computational Statistics . Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 355-373. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2003, Pricing of index options under a minimal market model with log-normal scaling, Quantitative Finance . Vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 442-450. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Buhlmann, H. amp Platen, E. 2003, A discrete time benchmark approach for insurance and finance, Astin Bulletin . Vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 153-172. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Chiarella, C. amp Platen, E. 2003, Introduction To Selected Proceedings From Quantitative Methods In Finance 2002, Quantitative Finance . Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 0-0. Platen, E. amp Heath, D. P. 2002, A variance reduction technique based on integral representations, Quantative Finance . Vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 362-369. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2002, Perfect hedging on index derivatives under a minimal model, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 757-774. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Platen, E. 2002, Arbitrage in continuous complete markets, Advances in Applied Probability . Vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 540-558. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Kuechler, U. amp Platen, E. 2002, Weak discrete time approximation of stochastic differential equations with time delay, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation . Vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 497-507. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Kubilius, K. amp Platen, E. 2002, Rate of weak convergence of the Euler approximation for diffusion processes with jumps, Monte Carlo Methods and Applications . Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 83-96. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2002, Consistent pricing and hedging for a modified constant elasticity of variance model, Quantitative Finance . Vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 459-467. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2002, Perfect hedging on index derivatives under a minimal model, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . Vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 757-774. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Heath, D. P. Hurst, S. R. amp Platen, E. 2001, Modelling the stochastic dynamics of volatility for equity indices, Asia Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 8, pp. 179-195. Heath, D. P. Platen, E. amp Schweizer, M. 2001, A Comparison of Two Quadratic Approaches to Hedging in Incomplete Markets, Mathematical Finance . Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 385-413. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site Heath, D. Hurst, S. R. amp Platen, E. 2001, Modelling the stochastic dynamics of volatility for equity indices, Asia Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 179-195. Craddock, M. J.. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2000, Numerical inversion of laplace transforms: a survey with applications to derivative pricing, Journal of Computational Finance . Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 57-81. Hofmann, N. amp Platen, E. 2000, Approximating large diversified portfolios, Mathematical Finance . Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 77-88. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Craddock, M. J.. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2000, Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms: a survey of techniques with applications to derivative pricing, Journal of Computational Finance . Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 57-81. Kuechler, U. amp Platen, E. 2000, Strong discrete time approximation of stochastic differential equations with time delay, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation . Vol. 54, no. 0, pp. 189-205. Hurst, S. K. Platen, E. amp Rachev, S. 1999, Option Pricing For A Logstable Asset Price Model, Mathematical And Computer Modelling . Vol. 29, no. 10-12, pp. 105-119. ViewDownload from: Publishers site The paper generalises the celebrated Black and Scholes 1 European option pricing formula for a class of logstable asset price models. The theoretical option prices have the potential to explain the implied volatility smiles evident in the market. (C) 1 Platen, E. 1999, Axiomatic Principles For A Market Model, Journal Of Applied Probability . Vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 295-300. Platen, E. 1999, A short term interest rate model, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 215-225. This paper suggests a short term interest rate model. It incorporates inflation rate, market variance, market net growth rate and market volatility trend. Empirical evidence from different markets supports the model. Platen, E. amp Schweizer, M. 1998, On Feedback Effects From Hedging Derivatives, Mathematical Finance . Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 67-84. ViewDownload from: Publishers site This paper proposes a new explanation for the smile and skewness effects in implied volatilities. Starting from a microeconomic equilibrium approach, we develop a diffusion model for stock prices explicitly incorporating the technical demand induced by h Milstein, G. Platen, E. amp Schurz, H. 1998, Balanced Implicit Methods For Stiff Stochastic Systems, Siam Journal On Numerical Analysis . Vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1010-1019. ViewDownload from: Publishers site This paper introduces some implicitness in stochastic terms of numerical methods for solving stiff stochastic differential equations and especially a class of fully implicit methods, the balanced methods. Their order of strong convergence is proved. Nume Platen, E. amp Rebolledo, R. 1996, Principles For Modelling Financial Markets, Journal Of Applied Probability . Vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 601-613. ViewDownload from: Publishers site The paper introduces an approach focused towards the modelling of dynamics of financial markets. It is based on the three principles of market clearing, exclusion of instantaneous arbitrage and minimization of increase of arbitrage information. The last Kloeden, P. Platen, E.. Schurz, H. amp Sorensen, M. 1996, On Effects Of Discretization On Estimators Of Drift Parameters For Diffusion Processes, Journal Of Applied Probability . Vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1061-1076. ViewDownload from: Publishers site In this paper statistical properties of estimators of drift parameters for diffusion processes are studied by modem numerical methods for stochastic differential equations. This is a particularly useful method for discrete time samples, where estimators Heath, D. amp Platen, E. 1996, Valuation of FX barrier options under stochastic volatility, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets . Vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 195-215. This paper describes European-style valuation and hedging procedures for a class of knockout barrier options under stochastic volatility. A pricing framework is established by applying mean self-financing arguments and the minimal equivalent martingale measure. Using appropriate combinations of stochastic numerical and variance reduction procedures we demonstrate that fast and accurate valuations can be obtained for down-and-out call options for the Heston model. ampcopy 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Hall, P. Matthews, D. amp Platen, E. 1996, Algorithms for analyzing nonstationary time series with fractal noise, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics . Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 351-364. Arguably the best-known applications of fractal methods are in relatively homogeneous, stationary settings, where the environment is controllable by scientists or engineers. For example, in applications to surface science, an unblemished portion of a surface is selected for analysis and in environmental science, an artificial soil bed of controlled homogeneity is subjected to uniformly distributed water droplets, to model the effect of actual rain on a real soil surface. In some applications, however, the environment is uncontrollable, with the result that measurements are subject to irregular fluctuations that are not so plausibly modeled by fractal processes. The fluctuations may include discontinuities and nonlinear drift in the mean. Some approaches to analysis do not distinguish between this nonstationary contamination and the quotbackground, quot with the result that a jump process may provide a significantly better explanation of the data than a fractal process. In this article we suggest decomposing an irregular time series into at least three components - a jump process, a nonlinear drift, and a fractal background. We identify the jump process using threshold methods, and subtract it out. Then we estimate the nonlinear drift using local regression. After the jumps and drift have been removed, the fractal background is relatively homogeneous. It may be analyzed using techniques based on the variogram, and its dimension used to quantify the quoterraticismquot of the environment that produced the data. Platen, E. 1995, On Weak Implicit And Predictor-corrector Methods, Mathematics And Computers In Simulation . Vol. 38, no. 1-3, pp. 69-76. ViewDownload from: Publishers site The paper gives a short survey on weak schemes for stochastic differential equations and discusses several implicit and predictor-corrector type methods. Kloeden, P. Platen, E. amp Hofmann, N. 1995, Extrapolation Methods For The Weak Approximation Of Ito Diffusions, Siam Journal On Numerical Analysis . Vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1519-1534. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Higher-order weak extrapolation methods for the approximation of functionals of Ito diffusions are considered. Under appropriate regularity conditions it is shown that extrapolations allow a considerable increase in the weak order of convergence of a dis Platen, E. amp Rebolledo, R. 1994, Pricing Via Anticipative Stochastic Calculus, Advances In Applied Probability . Vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1006-1021. ViewDownload from: Publishers site The paper proposes a general model for pricing of derivative securities. The underlying dynamics follows stochastic equations involving anticipative stochastic integrals. These equations are solved explicitly and structural properties of solutions are st Hofmann, N. amp Platen, E. 1994, Stability Of Weak Numerical Schemes For Stochastic Differential-equations, Computers amp Mathematics With Applications . Vol. 28, no. 10-12, pp. 45-57. ViewDownload from: Publishers site This paper considers numerical stability and convergence of weak schemes solving stochastic differential equations. A relatively strong notion of stability for a special type of test equations is proposed. These are stochastic differential equations wi Kloeden, P. Platen, E. amp Wright, I. A. 1992, The Approximation Of Multiple Stochastic Integrals, Stochastic Analysis And Applications . Vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 431-441. ViewDownload from: Publishers site A method for approximating the multiple stochastic integrals appearing in stochastic Taylor expansions is proposed. It is based on a series expansion of the Brownian bridge process. Some higher order time discrete approximations for the simulation of Ito Kloeden, P. amp Platen, E. 1992, Higher-order Implicit Strong Numerical Schemes For Stochastic Differential-equations, Journal Of Statistical Physics . Vol. 66, no. 1-2, pp. 283-314. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Higher-order implicit numerical methods which are suitable for stiff stochastic differential equations are proposed. These are based on a stochastic Taylor expansion and converge strongly to the corresponding solution of the stochastic differential equat Kloeden, P. amp Platen, E. 1991, Stratonovich And Ito Stochastic Taylor Expansions, Mathematische Nachrichten . Vol. 151, pp. 33-50. ViewDownload from: Publishers site The Stratonovich stochastic Taylor formula for diffusion processes is stated and proved. It has a simpler structure and is a more natural generalization of the deterministic Taylor formula than the Ito stochastic Taylor formula. Mikulevicius, R. amp Platen, E. 1991, Rate Of Convergence Of The Euler Approximation For Diffusion-processes, Mathematische Nachrichten . Vol. 151, pp. 233-239. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Kloeden, P. amp Platen, E. 1991, Relations Between Multiple Ito And Stratonovich Integrals, Stochastic Analysis And Applications . Vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 311-321. ViewDownload from: Publishers site In this paper we investigate relations within and between sets of multiple Ito and Stratonovich integrals which are useful in the application of stochastic Taylor expansions of Ito processes. We obtain formulae expressing multiple Ito integrals in terms Platen, E. 1990, A Stochastic Approach To Hopping Transport In Semiconductors, Journal Of Statistical Physics . Vol. 59, no. 5-6, pp. 1329-1353. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Kloeden, P. amp Platen, E. 1989, A Survey Of Numerical-methods For Stochastic Differential-equations, Stochastic Hydrology And Hydraulics . Vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 155-178. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Platen, E. 1989, A Law Of Large Numbers For Wide-range Exclusion Processes In Random-media, Stochastic Processes And Their Applications . Vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 33-49. ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS or Publishers site The paper presents a law of large numbers for the asymptotic macroscopic nonequilibrium dynamics of wide range exclusion processes with births and deaths on a random set of sites. Mikulevicius, R. amp Platen, E. 1988, Time Discrete Taylor Approximations For Ito Processes With Jump Component, Mathematische Nachrichten . Vol. 138, pp. 93-104. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Platen, E. 1987, Derivative Free Numerical-methods For Stochastic Differential-equations, Lecture Notes In Control And Information Sciences . Vol. 96, pp. 187-193. Liske, H. amp Platen, E. 1987, Simulation Studies On Time Discrete Diffusion Approximations, Mathematics And Computers In Simulation . Vol. 29, no. 3-4, pp. 253-260. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Brehmer, L. Platen, E.. Fanter, D. amp Liemant, A. 1987, A Stochastic Description Of The Nonequilibrium Charge-carrier Transport Process In Polymer Insulators, IEEE Transactions On Electrical Insulation . Vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 245-248. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Brehmer, L. Platen, E.. Richter, K. Fanter, D. amp Liemant, A. 1987, Electronic-structure And Stochastic Hopping Transport In Polymer Insulators, Acta Polymerica . Vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 374-377. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Platen, E. amp Rebolledo, R. 1985, Weak-convergence Of Semimartingales And Discretization Methods, Stochastic Processes And Their Applications . Vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-58. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Platen, E. 1983, Approximation Of 1st Exit Times Of Diffusions And Approximate Solution Of Parabolic Equations, Mathematische Nachrichten . Vol. 111, pp. 127-146. ViewDownload from: Publishers site Platen, E. amp Taylor, D. 2016, Loading Pricing of Catastrophe Bonds and Other Long-Dated, Insurance-Type Contracts. Catastrophe risk is a major threat faced by individuals, companies, and entire economies. Catastrophe (CAT) bonds have emerged as a method to offset this risk and a corresponding literature has developed that attempts to provide a market-consistent pricing methodology for these and other long-dated, insurance-type contracts. This paper aims to unify and generalize several of the widely-used pricing approaches for long-dated contracts with a focus on stylized CAT bonds and market-consistent valuation. It proposes a loading pricing concept that combines the theoretically possible minimal price of a contract with its formally obtained risk neutral price, without creating economically meaningful arbitrage. A loading degree controls how much influence the formally obtained risk neutral price has on the market price. A key finding is that this loading degree has to be constant for a minimally fluctuating contract, and is an important, measurable characteristic for prices of long-dated contracts. Loading pricing allows long-dated, insurance-type contracts to be priced less expensively and with higher return on investment than under classical pricing approaches. Loading pricing enables insurance companies to accumulate systematically reserves needed to manage its risk of ruin in a market consistent manner. Baldeaux, J. Ignatieva, K. amp Platen, E. 2016, Detecting Money Market Bubbles. Using a range of stochastic volatility models well-known in the finance literature, we study the existence of money market bubbles in the US economy. Money market bubbles preclude the existence of a risk-neutral pricing measure. Understanding whether markets exhibit money market bubbles is crucial from the point of view of derivative pricing since their existence implies the existence of a self-financing trading strategy that replicates the savings account039s value at a fixed future date at a cheaper cost than the current value of the savings account. The benchmark approach is formulated under the real world probability measure and does not require the existence of a risk neutral probability measure. It hence emerges as the appropriate framework to study the potential existence of money market bubbles. Testing the existence of money market bubbles in the US economy we find that for all models the US market exhibits a money market bubble. This conclusion suggests that for derivative pricing and hedging care should be taken when making assumptions pertaining to the existence of a risk-neutral probability measure. Less expensive hedge portfolios may exist for a wide range of derivatives. Gnoatto, A. Grasselli, M. amp Platen, E. 2016, A Penny Saved is a Penny Earned: Less Expensive Zero Coupon Bonds. This paper introduces a more general modeling world than available under the classical noarbitrage paradigm in finance. New research questions and interesting related econometric studies emerge naturally. To explain in this paper the new approach and illustrate first important consequences, we show how to hedge a zero coupon bond with a smaller amount of initial capital than required by the classical risk neutral paradigm, whose (trivial) hedging strategy does not suggest to invest in the risky assets. Long dated zero coupon bonds we derive, invest first primarily in risky securities and when approaching more and more the maturity date they increase also more and more the fraction invested in fixed income. The conventional wisdom of financial planners suggesting investor to invest in risky securities when they are young and mostly in fixed income when they approach retirement, is here made rigorous. The main reason for the existence of less expensive zero coupon bonds is the strict supermartingale property of benchmarked savings accounts under the real world probability measure, which the calibrated parameters identify under the proposed model. We provide intuition and insight on the strict supermartingale property. The less expensive zero coupon bonds provide only one first example that is indicative for the changes that the new approach offers in the much wider modeling world. The paper provides a strong warning for life insurers, pension fund managers and long term investors to take the possibility of less expensive products seriously to avoid the adverse consequences of the low interest rate regimes that many developed economies face. Fergusson, K. amp Platen, E. 2015, Less Expensive Pricing and Hedging of Long-Dated Equity Index Options When Interest Rates are Stochastic. Many providers of variable annuities such as pension funds and life insurers seek to hedge their exposure to embedded guarantees using longdated derivatives. This paper extends the benchmark approach to price and hedge long-dated equity index options using a combination of cash, bonds and equities under a variety of market models. The results show that when the discounted index is modelled as a squared Bessel process, as in Platen039s minimal market model, less expensive hedging is achieved irrespective of the short rate model. Heath, D. amp Platen, E. 2014, A Monte Carlo Method using PDE Expansions for a Diversifed Equity Index Model. This paper considers a new class of Monte Carlo methods that are combined with PDE expansions for the pricing and hedging of derivative securities for multidimensional diffusion models. The proposed method combines the advantages of both PDE and Monte Carlo methods and can be directly applied to models with more than two state variables. The pricing procedure is illustrated using a three-component index model that captures some of the key features of a diversi ed stock index over long time periods. The method is widely applicable and is demonstrated here in the general setting of the benchmark approach, where spatial boundary limiting conditions for the PDE need to be appropriately chosen and approximated. The PDE expansion is based on a Taylor series approximation for the underlying three-component PDE. A Monte Carlo method with variance reduction is then formulated to approximate the true solution. Almost exact simulation schemes are described for the given state variables in the model. Numerical results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness and tractability of the proposed pricing and hedging methodology. Fergusson, K. amp Platen, E. 2014, Stylised Properties of the Interest Rate Term Structure Under The Benchmark Approach. Market models which re ect stylised properties of the interest rate term structure are widely used for modelling and pricing interest rate derivatives. We consider a market model involving the short rate and a diversi ed global stock index. We illustrate the stylised properties of the interest rate term structure implied by a system of stochastic di erential equations specifying the short rate and the discounted stock index under the benchmark approach. Comparison with empirical evidence demonstrates the explanatory power of a discounted stock index modelled by a squared Bessel process. Fergusson, K. amp Platen, E. 2013, Real World Pricing of Long Term Cash-Linked Annuities and Equity-Linked Annuities with Cash-Linked Guarantees. This paper proposes a paradigm shift in the valuation of long term cash-linked annuities and equity-linked annuities with cash-linked guarantees, away from classical no-arbitrage pricing towards pricing under the real world probability measure. In contrast to risk neutral pricing, which is a form of relative pricing, the long term average excess return of the equity market comes into play. Instead of the savings account, the num eraire portfolio is employed as the fundamental unit of value in the analysis. The num eraire portfolio is the strictly positive, tradable portfolio that when used as benchmark makes all benchmarked nonnegative portfolios supermartingales. Intuitively, benchmarked portfolios are in the mean downward trending or trendless. The benchmarked real world price of a benchmarked contingent claim equals its real world conditional expectation. This yields the minimal possible price for its hedgeable part and minimizes the variance for its hedge error. Classical actuarial and risk neutral pricing emerge as special cases of the proposed real world pricing. In long term liability and asset valuation, the proposed real world pricing can lead to signi cantly lower prices than suggested by classical approaches. The existence of an equivalent risk neutral probability measure is not required. Baldeaux, J. amp Platen, E. 2013, Liability Driven Investments under a Benchmark Based Approach. In this paper, we present an alternative approach as a suitable framework under which liability driven investments can be valued and hedged. This benchmark approach values both assets and liabilities consistently under the real world probability measure using the best performing portfolio, the growth optimal portfolio, as benchmark and numeraire. The benchmark approach identifies the investment strategy which is replicating a given claim at minimal cost. Should the liability under consideration be subject to nonhedgeable risk, e. g. mortality risk, benchmarked risk minimization identifies with its real world pricing formula the investment strategy which minimizes in a practical sense the price of a given claim and minimizes the benchmarked profit and loss from hedging. The application of the approach will be demonstrated for pensions. A least expensive pension scheme will be described that allows one in a fair and transparent manner to hedge in the least expensive way with minimal risk the post retirement payments for its members. Du, K. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. 2012, Modeling of Oil Prices. The paper derives a parsimonious two-component affine diffusion model with one driving Brownian motion to capture the dynamics of oil prices. It can be observed that the oil price behaves in some sense similarly to the US dollar. However, there are also clear differences. To identify these the paper studies the empirical features of an extremely well diversified world stock index, which is a proxy of the numeraire portfolio, in the denomination of the oil price. Using a diversified index in oil price denomination allows us to disentangle the factors driving the oil price. The paper reveals that the volatility of the numeraire portfolio denominated in crude oil, increases at major oil price upward moves. Furthermore, the log-returns of the index in oil price denomination appear to follow a Student-t distribution. These and other stylized empirical properties lead to the proposed tractable diffusion model, which has the normalized numeraire portfolio and market activity as components. An almost exact simulation technique is described, which illustrates the characteristics of the proposed model and conrms that it matches well the observed stylized empirical facts. Platen, E. amp Tappe, S. 2011, Affine Realizations for Levy Driven Interest Rate Models with Real-World Forward Rate Dynamics. We investigate the existence of affine realizations for interest rate term structure models driven by Levy processes. Using as numeraire the growth optimal portfolio, we model the interest rate term structure under the real-world probability measure, and hence, we do not need the existence of an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure. Furthermore, we include finite dimensional external factors, thus admitting a stochastic volatility structure. Du, K. amp Platen, E. 2011, Three-Benchmarked Risk Minimization for Jump Diffusion Markets. The paper discusses the problem of hedging not perfectly replicable contingent claims by using a benchmark, the numerraire portfolio, as reference unit. The proposed concept of benchmarked risk minimization generalizes classical risk minimization, pioneered by Follmer, Sondermann and Schweizer. The latter relies on a quadratic criterion, requesting the square integrability of contingent claims and the existence of an equivalent risk neutral probability measure. The proposed concept of benchmarked risk minimization avoids these restrictive assumptions. It employs the real world probability measure as pricing measure and identifies the minimal possible price for the hedgable part of a contingent claim. Furthermore, the resulting benchmarked profit and loss is only driven by nontraded uncertainty and forms a martingale that starts at zero. Benchmarked profit and losses, when pooled and sufficiently independent, become in total negligible. This property is highly desirable from a risk management point of view. It is making a symptotically benchmarked risk minimization the least expensive method for pricing and hedging for an increasing number of not fully replicable benchmarked contingent claims. Platen, E. amp Semmler, W. 2009, Asset markets and monetary policy, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 247 Abstract: Monetary policy has pursued the concept of inflation targeting. This has been implemented in many countries. Here interest rates are supposed to respond to an inflation gap and output gap. Despite long term continuing growth of the world financial assets, recently, monetary policy, in particular in the U. S. after the subprime credit crisis, was challenged by severe disruptions and a meltdown of the financial market. Subsequently, academics have been in search of a type of monetary policy that does allow to influence in an appropriate manner the investor039s behavior and, thus, the dynamics of the economy and its financial market. The paper suggests a dynamic portfolio approach. It allows one to study the interaction between investors strategic behavior and monetary policy. The article derives rules that explain how monetary authorities should set the short term interest rate in interaction with inflation rate, economic growth, asset prices, risk aversion, asset price volatility, and consumption rates. Interesting is that the inflation rate needs to have a certain minimal level to allow the interest rate to be a viable control instrument. A particular target interest rate has been identified for the desirable optimal regime. If the proposed monetary policy rule is applied properly, then the consumption rate will remain stable and the inflation rate can be kept close to a minimal possible level. Empirical evidence is provided to support this view. Additionally, in the case of an economic crisis the proposed relationships indicate in which direction to act to bring the economy back on track. Craddock, M. J. amp Platen, E. 2009, On explicit probability laws for classes of scalar diffusions, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 246 Abstract: This paper uses Lie symmetry group methods to obtain transition probability densities for scalar diffusions, where the diffusion coefficient is given by a power law. We will show that if the drift of the diffusion satisfies a certain family of Riccati equations, then it is possible to compute a generalized Laplace transform of the transition density for the process. Various explicit examples are provided. We also obtain fundamental solutions of the Kolmogorov forward equation for diffusions, which do not correspond to transition probability densities. Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C.. Platen, E. amp Schlogl, E. 2009, Alternative Defaultable Term Structure Models, Quantitative Finance Research Paper Series . The objective of this paper is to consider defaultable term structure models in a general setting beyond standard risk-neutral models. Using as numeraire the growth optimal portfolio, defaultable interest rate derivatives are priced under the real-world probability measure. Therefore, the existence of an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure is not required. In particular, the real-world dynamics of the instantaneous defaultable forward rates under a jump-diffusion extension of a HJM type framework are derived. Thus, by establishing a modelling framework fully under the real-world probability measure, the challenge of reconciling real-world and risk-neutral probabilities of default is deliberately avoided, which provides significant extra modelling freedom. In addition, for certain volatility specifications, finite dimensional Markovian defaultable term structure models are derived. The paper also demonstrates an alternative defaultable term structure model. It provides tractable expressions for the prices of defaultable derivatives under the assumption of independence between the discounted growth optimal portfolio and the default-adjusted short rate. These expressions are then used in a more general model as control variates for Monte Carlo simulations of credit derivatives. Breymann, W. Lthi, D. amp Platen, E. 2009, Empirical behavior of a world stock index from intra-day to monthly time scales, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 251 Abstract: Inspired by the theoretically oriented dynamic analysis of moving average rules in Chiarella, He and Hommes (CHH) (2006a) model, this paper conducts a dynamic analysis of a microstructure model of continuous double auctions in which the probability of heterogeneous agents to trade is determined by the rules of either fundamentalists mean-reverting to the fundamental or chartists choosing moving average rules based their relative performance. With such a realistic market microstructure, the model is able not only to obtain the results of the CHH model but also to characterise most of the stylized facts including the power-law behaviour of volatility. The results seem to suggest that a comprehensive explanation of several statistical properties of returns is possible in a framework where both behavioral traits and realistic microstructure have a role. Ignatieva, K. amp Platen, E. 2009, Modelling co-movements and tail dependency in the international stock market via copulae, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 265 Abstract: This paper examines international equity market co-movements using time-varying copulae. We examine distributions from the class of Symmetric Generalized Hyperbolic (SGH) distributions for modelling univariate marginals of equity index returns. We show based on the goodness-of-ampnott testing that the SGH class outperforms the normal distribution, and that the Student-t assumption o nmarginals leads to the best performance, and thus, can be used to ampnott multivariate copula for the joint distribution of equity index returns. We show in our study that the Student-t copula is not only superior to the Gaussian copula, where the dependence structure relates to the multivariate normal distribution, but also out performs some alternative mixture copula models which allow to reampnotect asymmetric dependencies in the tails of the distribution. The Student-t copula with Student-t marginals allows to model realistically simultaneous co-movements and to capture taild ependency in the equity index returns. From the point of view of risk management, it is a good candidate for modelling the returns arising in an international equity index portfolio where the extreme losses are known to have a tendency to occur simultaneously. We apply copulae to the estimation of the Value-at-Risk and the Expected Shortfall, and show that the Student-t copula with Student-t marginals iss uperior to the alternative copula models investigated, as well the Riskmetics approach. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2009, Simulation of diversified portfolios in a continuous financial market, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 264 Abstract: In this paper we analyze the simulated behavior of diversified portfolios in a continuous financial market. In particular, we focus on equally weighted portfolios. Wei llustrate that these well diversified portfolios constitute good proxies of the growth optimal portfolio. The multi-asset market models considered include the Black-Scholes model, the Heston model, the ARCH diffusion model, the geometric Ornstein-Uhlenbeck volatility model and the multi-currency minimal market model. The choice of these models was motivated by the fact that they can be simulated almost exactly and, therefore, very accurately also over longer periods of time. Finally, we provide examples, which demonstrate the robustness of the diversification phenomenon when approximating the growth optimal portfolio of a market by an equal value weighted portfolio. Significant outperformance of the market capitalization weighted portfolio by the equal value weightedp ortfolio can be observed for models. Hulley, H. amp Platen, E. 2009, A visual criterion for identifying Ito diffusions as martingalesor strict local martingales, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 263 Abstract: It is often important, in applications of stochastic calculus to financial modelling, to know whether a given local martingale is a martingale or a strict local martingale. We address this problem in the context of a time-homogenous diffusion process with a finite lower boundary, presented as the solution of a driftless stochastic differential equation. Our main theorem demonstrates that the question of whether or not this process is a martingale may be decided simply by examining the slope of a certain increasing function. Further results establish the connection between our theorem and other results in the literature, while a number of examples are provided to illustrate the use of our criterion. Platen, E. 2009, Real world pricing of long term contracts, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 262 Abstract: Long dated contingent claims are relevant in insurance, pension fund management and derivative pricing. This paper proposes a paradigm shift in the valuation of long term contracts, away from classical no-arbitrage pricing towards pricing under the real world probability measure. In contrast to risk neutral pricing, the long term excess return of the equity market, known as the equity premium, is taken into account. Further, instead of the savings account, the numeraire portfolio isused, as the fundamental unit of value in the analysis. The numeraire portfolio is the strictly positive, tradable portfolio that when used as benchmark makes all benchmarked non negative portfolios supermartingales, which means intuitively that these are downward trending or at least trendless. Furthermore, the benchmarked real world price of a benchmarked claimis defined to be its real world conditional expectation. This yields the minimal possible price for its hedgable part and minimizes the variance of the benchmarked hedge error. The pooled total benchmarked replication error of a large insurance company or bank essentially vanishes due to diversification. Interestingly, in long terml iability and asset valuation, real world pricing can lead to significantly lower prices than suggested by classical no-arbitragea rguments. Moreover, since the existence of some equivalent risk neutral probability measure is no longer required, a wider and more realistic modeling framework is available for exploration. Classical actuarial and risk neutral pricing emerge as special cases of real world pricing. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2009, Exact scenario simulation for selected multi-dimensional stochastic processes, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 259 Abstract: Accurate scenario simulation methods for solutions of multi-dimensional stochastic differential equations find application in stochastic analysis, the statistics of stochastic processes and many other areas, for instance, in finance. They have been playing a crucial role as standard models in various areas and dominate often the communication and thinking in a particular field of application, even that they may be too simple for more advanced tasks. Various discrete time simulation methods have been developed over the years. However, the simulation of solutions of some stochastic differential equations can be problematic due to systematic errors and numerical instabilities. Therefore, it is valuable to identify multi-dimensional stochastic differential equations with solutions that can be simulated exactly. This avoids several of the theoretical and practical problems encountered by those simulation methods that use discrete time approximations. This paper provides a survey of methods for the exact simulation of paths of some multi-dimensional solutions of stochastic differential equations including Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, square root, squared Bessel, Wishart and Levy type processes. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2009, Quasi-exact approximation of hidden Markov chain filters, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 258 Abstract: This paper studies the application of exact simulation methods for multi-dimensional multiplicative noise stochastic differential equations to filtering. Stochastic differential equations with multiplicative noise naturally occur as Zakai equation in hidden Markov chain filtering. The paper proposes a quasi-exact approximation method for hidden Markov chain filters, which can be applied when discrete time approximations, such as the Euler scheme, may fail in practice. Platen, E. 2009, A benchmark approach to investing and pricing, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 253 Abstract: This paper introduces a general market modeling framework, the benchmark approach, which assumes the existence of the numeraire portfolio. This is the strictly positive portfolio that when used as benchmark makes all benchmarked nonnegative portfolios supermartingales, that is intuitively speaking downward trending or trendless. It can be shown to equal the Kelly portfolio which maximizes expected logarithmic utility. In several ways the Kelly or numeraire portfolio is the quotbestquot performing portfolio and can not be out performed systematically by any other nonnegative portfolio. Its use in pricing as numeraire leads directly to the real world pricing formula, which employs the real world probability when calculating conditional expectations. In a large regular financial market, the Kelly portfolio is shown to be approximated by well diversified portfolios. Platen, E. amp Shi, L. 2008, On the numerical stability of simulation methods for SDES, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, UNiversity of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 234 Abstract: When simulating discrete time approximations of solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs), numerical stability is clearly more important than numerical efficiency or some higher order of convergence. Discrete time approximations of solutions of SDEs are widely used in simulations in finance and other areas of application. The stability criterion presented is designed to handle both scenario simulation and Monte Carlo simulation, that is, strong and weak simulation methods. The symmetric predictor-corrector Euler method is shown to have the potential to overcome some of the numerical instabilities that may be experienced when using the explicit Euler method. This is of particular importance in finance, where martingale dynamics arise for solutions of SDEs and diffusion coefficients are often of multiplicative type. Stability regions for a range of schemes are visualized and discussed. For Monte Carlo simulation it turns out that schemes, which have implicitness in both the drift and the diffusion terms, exhibit the largest stability regions. It will be shown that refining the time step size in a Monte Carlo simulation can lead to numerical instabilities. Kardaras, C. amp Platen, E. 2008, Multiplicative approximation of wealth processes involving no-short-sale strategies, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Research Paper Number: 240 Marquardt, T. Platen, E. amp Jaschke, S. 2008, Valuing guaranteed minimum death benefit options in variable annuities under a benchmark approach, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 221 Abstract: Variable annuities (VAs) represent a marked change from earlier life products in the guarantees that they offer and it is no longer possible to manage the risks of these liabilities using traditional actuarial methods. Thinking about guarantees as options suggests applying risk neutral pricing in order to value the embedded guarantees, such as guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDBs). However, due to the long maturities of contracts, stochastic volatility and many other reasons, VA markets are incomplete. In this paper we propose a methodology for pricing GMDBs under a benchmark approach which does not require the existence of a risk neutral probability measure. We assume that the insurance company invests in the growth optimal portfolio of its investment universe and apply real world pricing rather than risk neutral pricing. In particular, we consider the minimal market model and conclude that in this setup the fair price of a roll-up GMDB is lower than the price obtained by applying standard risk neutral pricing. Moreover, we take into account rational as well as irrational lapsation of the policyholder. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2008, Strong predictor-corrector Euler methods for stochastic differential equations, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 222 Abstract: This paper introduces a new class of numerical schemes for the pathwise approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). The proposed family of strong predictor-corrector Euler methods are designed to handle scenario simulation of solutions of SDEs. It has the potential to overcome some of the numerical instabilities that are often experienced when using the explicit Euler method. This is of importance, for instance, in finance where martingale dynamics arise for solutions of SDEs with multiplicative diffusion coefficients. Numerical experiments demonstrate the improved asymptotic stability properties of the new symmetric predictor-corrector Euler methods. Platen, E. 2008, A unifying approach to asset pricing, REsearch Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 227 Abstract: This paper introduces a general market modeling framework under which the Law of One Price no longer holds. A contingent claim can have in this setting several self-financing, replicating portfolios. The new Law of the Minimal Price identifies the lowest replicating price process for a given contingent claim. The proposed unifying asset pricing methodology is model independent and only requires the existence of a tradable numeraire portfolio, which turns out to be the growth optimal portfolio that maximizes expected logarithmic utility. By the Law of the Minimal Price the inverse of the numeraire portfolio becomes the stochastic discount factor. This allows pricing in extremely general settings and avoids the restrictive assumptions of risk neutral pricing. In several ways the numeraire portfolio is the ampacircbestampacirc performing portfolio and cannot be outperformed by any other nonnegative portfolio. Several classical pricing rules are recovered under this unifying approach. The paper explains that pricing by classical no-arbitrage arguments is, in general, not unique and may lead to overpricing. In an example, a surprisingly low price of a zero coupon bond with extreme maturity illustrates one of the new effects that can be captured under the proposed benchmark approach, where the numeraire portfolio represents the benchmark. Chavez, S. A. amp Platen, E. 2008, Distributional deviations in random number generation in finance, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 228 Abstract: This paper points out that pseudo-random number generators in widely used standard software can generate severe distributional deviations from targeted distributions when used in parallel implementations. In Monte Carlo simulation of random walks for financial applications this can lead to remarkable errors. These are not reduced when increasing the sample size. The paper suggests to use instead of standard routines, combined feedback shift register methods for generating random bits in parallel that are based on particular polynomials of degree twelve. As seed numbers the use of natural random numbers is suggested. The resulting hybrid random bit generators are then suitable for parallel implementation with random walk type applications. They show better distributional properties than those typically available and can produce massive streams of random numbers in parallel, suitable for Monte Carlo simulation in finance. Nikeghbali, A. amp Platen, E. 2008, On honest times in financial modeling, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 229 Abstract: This paper demonstrates the usefulness and importance of the concept of honest times to financial modeling. It studies a financial market with asset prices that follow jump-diffusions with negative jumps. The central building block of the market model is its growth optimal portfolio (GOP), which maximizes the growth rate of strictly positive portfolios. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the GOP, turn out to be nonnegative local martingales. In the proposed framework an equivalent risk neutral probability measure need not exist. Derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of corresponding future payoffs, with the GOP as numeraire and the real world probability as pricing measure. The time when the global maximum of a portfolio with no positive jumps, when expressed in units of the GOP, is reached, is shown to be a generic representation of an honest time. We provide a general formula for the law of such honest times and compute the conditional distributions of the global maximum of a portfolio in this framework. Moreover, we provide a stochastic integral representation for uniformly integrable martingales whose terminal values are functions of the global maximum of a portfolio. These formulae are model independent and universal. We also specialize our results to some examples where we hedge a payoff that arrives at an honest time. Kardaras, C. amp Platen, E. 2008, Minimizing the expected market time to reach a certain wealth level, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . ViewDownload from: UTS OPUS Research Paper Number: 230 Abstract: In a financial market model, we consider variations of the problem of minimizing the expected time to upcross a certain wealth level. For exponential Levy markets, we show the asymptotic optimality of the growth-optimal portfolio for the above problem and obtain tight bounds for the value function for any wealth level. In an Ito market, we employ the concept of market time, which is a clock that runs according to the underlying market growth. We show the optimality of the growth-optimal portfolio for minimizing the expected market time to reach any wealth level. This reveals a general definition of market time which can be useful from an investorampacircs point of view. We utilize this last definition to extend the previous results in a general semimartingale setting. Miller, S. amp Platen, E. 2008, Real world pricing for a modified constant elasticity of variance model, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 237 Abstract: This paper considers a modified constant elasticity of variance (MCEV) model. This model uses the familiar constant elasticity of variance form for the volatility of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) in a continuous market. It leads to a GOP that follows the power of a time-transformed squared Bessel process. This paper derives analytic real-world prices for zero-coupon bonds, instantaneous forward rates and options on the GOP that are both theoretically revealing and computationally efficient. In addition, the paper examines options on exchange prices and options on zero-coupon bonds under the MCEV model. The semi-analytic prices derived for options on zero-coupon bonds can subsequently be used to price interest rate caps and floors. Hulley, H. amp Platen, E. 2007, Laplace transform identities for diffusions, with applications to rebates and barrier options, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 203 Abstract: Using a simple integral identity, we derive general expressions for the Laplace transform of the transition density of the process, if killing or reflecting boundaries are specified. We also obtain a number of useful expressions for the Laplace transforms of some functions of first-passage times for the diffusion. These results are applied to the special case of squared Bessel processes with killing or reflecting boundaries. In particular, we demonstrate how the above-mentioned integral identity enables us to derive the transition density of a squared Bessel process killed at the origin, without the need to invert a Laplace transform. Finally, as an application, we consider the problem of pricing barrier options on an index described by the minimal market model. Bruti Liberati, N. Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C. amp Platen, E. 2007, Pricing Under the Real-World Probability Measure for Jump-Diffusion Term Structure Models, Quantitative Finance Research Paper Series . This paper considers interest rate term structure models in a market attracting both continuous and discrete types of uncertainty. The event driven noise is modelled by a Poisson random measure. Using as numeraire the growth optimal portfolio, interest rate derivatives are priced under the real-world probability measure. In particular, the real-world dynamics of the forward rates are derived and, for specific volatility structures, finite dimensional Markovian representations are obtained. Furthermore, allowing for a stochastic short rate, a class of tractable affine term structures is derived where an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure does not exist. Chiarella, C. amp Platen, E. 2007, The history of the Quantitative Methods in Finance Conference Series. 1992-2007, Research Paper Series, Qunatitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 207 Abstract: This report charts the history of the Quantitative Methods in Finance (QMF) conference from its beginning in 1993 to the 15th conference in 2007. It lists alphabetically the 1037 speakers who presented at all 15 conferences and the titles of their papers. Kchler, U. amp Platen, E. 2007, Time delay and noise explaining cyclical fluctuations in prices of commodities, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 195 Abstract: This paper suggests to model jointly time delay and random effects in economics and finance. It proposes to explain the random and often cyclical fluctuations in commodity prices as a consequence of the interplay between external noise and time delays caused by the time between initiation of production and delivery. The proposed model is formulated as a stochastic delay differential equation. The typical behavior of a commodity price index under this model will be discussed. Methods for parameter estimation and the evaluation of functionals will be proposed. Platen, E. amp Rendek, R. J. 2007, Empirical evidence on Student-t log-returns of diversified world stock indices, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 194 Abstract: The aim of this paper is to document some empirical facts related to log-returns of diversified world stock indices when these are denominated in different currencies. Motivated by earlier results, we have obtained the estimated distribution of log-returns for a range of world stock indices over long observation periods. We expand previous studies by applying the maximum likelihood ratio test to the large class of generalized hyperbolic distributions, and investigate the log-returns of a variety of diversified world stock indices in different currency denominations. This identifies the Student-t distribution with about four degrees of freedom as the typical estimated log-return distribution of such indices. Owing to the observed high levels of significance, this result can be interpreted as a stylized empirical fact. Platen, E. amp Runggaldier, W. J. 2007, A benchmark approach to portfolio optimization under partial information, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 191 Abstract: This paper proposes a filtering methodology for portfolio optimization when some factors of the underlying model are only partially observed. The level of information is given by the observed quantities that are here supposed to be the primary securities and empirical log-price covariations. For a given level of information we determine the growth optimal portfolio, identify locally optimal portfolios that are located on a corresponding Markowitz efficient frontier and present an approach for expected utility maximization. We also present an expected utility indifference pricing approach under partial information for the pricing of nonreplicable contracts. This results in a real world pricing formula under partial information that turns out to be independent of the subjective utility of the investor and for which an equivalent risk neutral probability measure need not exist. Filipovic, D. amp Platen, E. 2007, Consistent market extensions under the benchmark approach, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 189 Abstract: The existence of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP), also known as Kelly portfolio, is vital for a financial market to be meaningful. The GOP, if it exists, is uniquely determined by the market parameters of the primary security accounts. However, markets may develop and new security accounts become tradable. What happens to the GOP if the original market is extended In this paper we provide a complete characterization of market extensions which are consistent with the existence of a GOP. We show that a three fund separation theorem applies for the extended GOP. This includes, in particular, the introduction of a locally risk free security, the savings account. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a consistent exogenous specification of the prevailing short rates. Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2006, On weak predictor-corrector schemes for jump-diffusion processes in finance (QFRC paper 179), Quantitative Finance Research Centre Working Paper Series . Le, T. amp Platen, E. 2006, Approximating the growth optimal portfolio with a diversified world stock index (QFRC paper 184), Quantitative Finance Research Centre Working Paper Series . Platen, E. amp Bruti Liberati, N. 2006, Approximation of jump-diffusion in finance and economics (QFRC paper 176), Quantitative Finance Research Centre Working Paper Series . Platen, E. 2006, On the pricing and hedging of long dated zero coupon bonds (QFRC paper 185), Quantitative Finance Research Centre Working Paper Series . Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2005, On the strong approximation of pure jump processes (QFRC paper 164). ISSN 1441-8010 business. uts. edu. auqfrcresearchresearchpapersrp164.pdf Bruti Liberati, N. Martini, F. Piccardi, M. amp Platen, E. 2005, A hardware generator of multi-point distributed random numbers for Monte Carlo simulation (QFRC paper 156). ISSN 1441-8010 business. uts. edu. auqfrcresearchresearchpapersrp156.pdf Christensen, M. M. amp Platen, E. 2005, Sharpe ratio maximization and expected utility when asset prices have jumps (QFRC paper 170). ISSN 1441-8010 business. uts. edu. auqfrcresearchresearchpapersrp170.pdf Fergusson, K. J. amp Platen, E. 2005, On the distributional characterisation of log-returns of a world stock index (QFRC paper 153). ISSN 1441-8010 business. uts. edu. auqfrcresearchresearchpapersrp153.pdf Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2005, Currency derivatives under a minimal market model with random scaling (QFRC paper 154). ISSN 1441-8010 business. uts. edu. auqfrcresearchresearchpapersrp154.pdf Hulley, H.. Miller, S. amp Platen, E. 2005, Benchmarking and fair pricing applied to two market models (QFRC paper 155). ISSN 1441-8010 business. uts. edu. auqfrcresearchresearchpapersrp155.pdf Platen, E. 2005, Investments in the short and long run (QFRC paper 163). ISSN 1441-8010 business. uts. edu. auqfrcresearchresearchpapersrp163.pdf Platen, E. 2005, On the role of the growth optimal portfolio in finance (QFRC paper 144). ISSN 1441-8010 business. uts. edu. auqfrcresearchresearchpapersrp144.pdf Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2005, On the strong approximation of jump-diffusion processes (QFRC paper 157). Bruti-Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2005, On the Strong Approximation of Pure Jump Processes. This paper constructs strong discrete time approximations for pure jump processes that can be described by stochastic differential equations. Strong approximations based on jump-adapted time discretizations, which produce no discretization bias, are analyzed. The computational complexity of these approximations is proportional to the jump intensity. Furthermore, by exploiting a stochastic expansion for pure jump processes, higher order discrete time approximations, whose computational complexity is not dependent on the jump intensity, are proposed. The strong order of convergence of the resulting schemes is analyzed. Breymann, W. Kelly, L. amp Platen, E. 2004, Intraday empirical analysis and modeling of diversified world stock indices (QFRC paper 125). Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2004, Understanding the implied volatility surface for options on a diversified index (QFRC paper 128). Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2004, Local volatility function models under a benchmark approach (QFRC paper 124). Miller, S. amp Platen, E. 2004, Two-factor model for low interest rate regimes (QFRC paper 130). Platen, E. 2004, A benchmark approach to finance (QFRC paper 138). Platen, E. 2004, Diversified portfolios with jumps in a benchmark framework (QFRC paper 129). Bruti Liberati, N. amp Platen, E. 2004, On the efficiency of simplified weak Taylor schemes for Monte Carlo simulation in finance (QFRC paper 114). Platen, E. 2004, Capital asset pricing for markets with intensity based jumps, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 143 Abstract: This paper proposes a unified framework for portfolio optimization, derivative pricing, modeling and risk measurement in financial markets with security price processes that exhibit intensity based jumps. It is based on the natural assumption that investors prefer more for less, in the sense that for two given portfolios with the same variance of its increments, the one with the higher expected increment is preferred. If one additionally assumes that the market together with its monetary authority acts to maximize the long term growth of the market portfolio, then this portfolio exhibits a very particular dynamics. In a market without jumps the resulting dynamics equals that of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP). Conditions are formulated under which the well-known capital asset pricing model is generalized for markets with intensity based jumps. Furthermore, the Markowitz efficient frontier and the Sharpe ratio are recovered in this continuous time setting. In this paper the numeraire for derivative pricing is chosen to be the GOP. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the GOP, turn out to be supermartingales. In the proposed framework an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure need not exist. Fair derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of future payoff structures under the real world probability measure. The concept of fair pricing is shown to generalize the classical risk neutral and the actuarial net present value pricing methodologies. Platen, E.. West, J. M. amp Breymann, W. 2004, An Intraday Empirical Analysis of Electricity Price Behaviour, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 140 Abstract: This paper proposes an approach to the intraday analysis of the dynamics of electricity prices. The Growth Optimal Portfolio (GOP) is used as a reference unit in a continuous financial electricity price model. A diversified global portfolio in the form of a market capitalisation weighted index approximates the GOP. The GOP, measured in units of electricity, is normalised and then modeled as a time transformed square root process of dimension four. The dynamics of the resulting process is empirically verified. Intraday spot electricity prices from the US and Australian markets are used for this analysis. The empirical findings identify a simple but realistic model for examining the volatile behaviours of electricity prices. The proposed model reflects the historical price evolution reasonably well by using a only a few robust but readily observable parameters. The evolution of the tranformed times is modeled via a rapidly evolving market activity. A periodic, ergodic process with deterministic volatility is used to model market activity. Christensen, M. M. amp Platen, E. 2004, A general benchmark model for stochastic jump sizes, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 139 Abstract: This paper extends the benchmark framework of Platen (2002) by introducing a sequence of incomplete markets, having uncertainty driven by a Wiener process and a marked point process. By introducing an idealized market, in which all relevant economical variables are observed, but may not all be traded, a generalized growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is obtained and calculated explicitly. The problem of determining the GOP is solved in a general setting which extends existing treatments and provides a clear link to the market prices of risk. The connection between traded securities, arbitrage and market incompleteness is analyzed. This provides a framework for analyzing the degree of incompleteness associated with jump processes, a problem well-known from insurance and credit risk modeling. By staying under the empirical measure, the resulting benchmark model has potential advantages for various applications in finance and insurance. Craddock, M. J. amp Platen, E. 2003, Symmetric group methods for fundamental solution and characteristics functions (QFRC paper 90). Kelly, L. Platen, E. amp Sorensen, M. 2003, Estimation for discretely observed diffusions using transform functions (QFRC paper 96). Platen, E. 2003, Pricing and hedging for incomplete jump diffusion benchmark models (QFRC paper 110). Platen, E. 2003, A benchmark framework for risk management (QFRC paper 113). Platen, E. 2003, Modeling the volatility and expected value of a diversified world index (QFRC paper 103). Platen, E. 2003, An alternative interest rate term structure model (QFRC paper 97). Platen, E. amp Stahl, G. 2003, A structure for general and specific market risk (QFRC paper 91). Platen, E. amp West, J. M. 2003, Fair pricing of weather derivatives (QFRC paper 106). Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2003, Pricing of index options under a minimal market model with lognormal scaling (QFRC paper 101), Journal of macroeconomics . Craddock, M. J. amp Platen, E. 2003, Symmetry group methods for fundamental solutions and characteristic functions, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 90 Abstract: This paper uses Lie symmetry group methods to analyse a class of partial differential equations of he form It is shown that when the drift function f is a solution of a family of Ricatti equations, then symmetry techniques can be used to find the characteristic functions and transition densities of the corresponding diffusion processes. Platen, E. 2003, Diversified portfolios in a benchmark framework, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 87 Abstract: This paper considers diversified portfolios in a benchmark framework. A new limit theorem for the approximation of the benchmark, which is the growth optimal portfolio, is obtained. In a diverse market it is shown that there exist approximations for the benchmark that are independent of model specifications. This leads to a robust modeling, calibration and risk management framework. For diversified portfolios with a large number of securities the limit theorem provides significant reductions in the complexity of quantitative applications as statistical inference and Value at Risk calculations. Platen, E. amp West, J. 2003, Fair Pricing of Weather Derivatives. This paper proposes a consistent benchmark approach to price weather derivatives. The growth optimal portfolio to price weather derivatives. The growth optimal portfolio is used as numeraire such that all benchmarked fair price processes are martingales. No measure transformation is needed for fair pricing. Since weather derivatives are traded in an incomplete market setting, standard hedging based pricing methods cannot be applied. For weather derivative payoffs that are independent from the value of the growth optimal portfolio it is shown that the classical actuarial pricing methodology is a particular case of the fair pricing concept. A discrete time model is constructed to approximate historical weather characteristics assuming Gaussian residuals. For particular weather derivatives their fair prices are derived. Platen, E. 2002, A benchmark framework for integrated risk management. Platen, E. amp Runggaldier, W. J. 2002, A benchmark approach to filtering in finance. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2002, Consistent pricing amp hedging for a modified constant elasticity of variance model. Buhlmann, H. amp Platen, E. 2002, A discrete time benchmark approach for finance amp insurance. Platen, E. 2002, Benchmark model with intensity based jumps, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 81 Abstract: This paper proposes a class of financial market models with security price processes that exhibit intensity based jumps. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the benchmark, turn out to be local martingales. The benchmark model exludes, so called, benchmark arbitrage but permits arbitrage amounts, which arise for benchmarked price processes that are strict local martingales. In the proposed framework, generally, an equivalent risk neutral measure does not exist. Benchmarked fair derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of future benchmarked prices under the real world probability measure. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2002, A variance reduction technique based on integral representations, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 75 Abstract: Standard Monte Carlo methods can often be significantly improved with the addition of appropriate variance reduction techniques. In this paper a new and powerful variance reduction technique is presented. The method is based directly on the Ito calculus and is used to find unbiased variance reduced estimators for the expectation of functionals of Ito diffusion processes. The approach considered has wide applicability, for instance, it can be used as a means of approximating solutions of parabolic partial differential equations or applied to valuation problems that arise in mathematical finance. We illustrate how the method can be applied by considering the pricing of European style derivative securities for a class of stochastic volatility models, including the Heston model. Platen, E. 2001, Arbitrage in continuous complete markets, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 72 Abstract: This paper introduces a benchmark approach for the modelling of continuous, complete financial markets when an equivalent risk neutral measure does not exist. This approach is based on the unique characterization of a benchmark portfolio, the growth optimal portfolio, which is obtained via a generalization of the mutual fund theorem. The discounted growth optimal portfolio with minimum variance drift is shown to follow a Bessel process of dimension four. Some form of arbitrage can be explicitly measured by arbitrage amounts. Fair contingent claim prices are derived as conditional expectations under the real world probability measure. The Heath-Jarrow-Morton forward rate equation remains valid despite the absence of an equivalent risk neutral measure. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 2001, Perfect hedging of index derivatives under a locally arbitrage free minimal market model, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Researh Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 61 Abstract: The paper presents a financial market model that generates stochastic volatility using a minimal set of factors. These factors, formed from transformations of square root processes, model the dynamics of different denominations of a benchmark portfolio. Benchmarked prices are assumed to be local martingales. Numerical results for the pricing and hedging of basic derivatives on indices are described. This includes cases where the standard risk neutral pricing methodology fails. However, payoffs can be perfectly hedged using self-financing strategies and a form of arbitrage still exists. This is illustrated by hedge simulations. The term structure of implied volatilities is documented. Craddock, M. J. amp Platen, E. 2001, Benchmark pricing of credit derivatives under a standard market model, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 60 Abstract: This paper makes use of an integrated benchmark modelling framework that allows us to model credit risk. We demonstrate how to price contingent claims by taking expectations under the real world probability measure in a benchmarked world. Furthermore, put and call options on an index are studied that measure the credit worthiness of a firm. Platen, E. 2001, A benchmark model for financial markets, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 59 Abstract: This paper introduces a benchmark model for financial markets, which is based on the unique characterization of a benchmark portfolio that is chosen to be the growth optimal portfolio. The general structure of risk premia for asset prices as an average of appreciation rates. The benchmark model is shown to be locally arbitrage free, however, it still permits some form of arbitrage. Finally, a subclass of arbitrage free contingent claim prices is derived. Kubilius, K. amp Platen, E. 2001, Rate of weak convergence of the Euler approximation for diffusion processes with jumps, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 54 Hardle, W. K. Kleinow, T. Korostelev, A. amp Platen, E. 2001, Semiparametric diffusion estimation and application to a stock market model, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 51 Abstract: The analysis of diffusion process in financial models is crucially dependent on the form of the drift and diffusion coefficient functions. A methodology is proposed for estimating and testing coefficient functions for ergodic diffusions that are not directly observable. It is based on semiparametric and nonparametric estimates. The testing is performed via the wild bootstrap resampling technique. The method is illustrated on SampP 500 index. Kuchler, U. amp Platen, E. 2001, Weak discrete time approximation of stochastic differential equations with time delay, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 50 Abstract: The paper considers the derivation of weak discrete time approximations for solutions of stochastic differential equations with time delay. These are suitable for Monte Carlo simulation and allow the computation of expectations for functionals of stochastic delay equations. The suggested approximations converge in a weak sense. Platen, E. 2001, A minimal financial market model, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 48 Abstract: The paper proposes a financial market model that generates stochastic volatilities and stochastic interest rates using a minimal number of factors that characterise the dynamics of different denominations of a benchmark portfolio. It models asset prices essentially as functionals of square root and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. The resulting price processes exhibit stochastic volatility with leptokurtic log-return distributions that closely match those observed in reality. The benchmark portfolio is negatively correlated with its volatility which models the well-known leverage effect. The average growth rates of the different denominations of the benchmark portfolio are Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes which generates the typically observed long term Gaussianity of log-returns of asset prices. Platen, E. 2000, Risk premia and financial modelling without measure transformation, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 45 Abstract: This paper describes a financial market modelling framework that exploits the notion of a deflator. The demonstrations of the deflator measured in units of primary assets form a minimal set of basic financial quantities that completely specify overall market dynamics. Risk premia of asset prices are obtained as a natural consequence of the approach. Contingent claim prices are computed under the real world measure both in the case of complete and incomplete markets. Kuchler, U. amp Platen, E. 2000, Strong discrete time approximation of stochastic differential equations with time delay, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 44 Abstract: The paper introduces an approach for the derivation of discrete time approximations for solutions of stochastic differential equations with time delay. The suggested approximations converge in a strong sense. Furthermore, explicit solutions for linear stochastic delay equations are given. Craddock, M. J.. Heath, D. P. amp Platen, E. 1999, Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms: A survey of techniques with applications to derivative pricing, Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney . Research Paper Number: 27 Abstract: We consider different approaches to the problem of numerically inverting Laplace transforms in finance. In particular, we discuss numerical inversion techniques in the context of Asian option pricing. Platen, E. 1999, A Financial Market Model with Trading Volume and Stochastic Volatility. The paper describes a continuous time financial market model, where the basic factord are trading volumes per unit time. These are modelled by squared Bessel processes. The asset prices are formed by rations of these trading volumes. They have leptokurtic return distributions and stochastic volatilities with properties that are similar to those observed in practice. For the market index the model generates naturally the well-known leverage effect due to negative correlation between the index and its volatility. Platen, E. 1999, An Introduction to Numerical Methods for Stochastic Differential Equations. This paper aims to give an overview and summary of numerical methods for the solution of stochastic differential equations. It covers discrete time strong and weak approximation methods that are suitable for different applications. A range of approaches and results is discussed within a unified framework. On the one hand, these methods cn be interpreted as generalising the well developed theory on numerical analysis for deterministic ordinary differential equations. On the other hand they highlight the specific stochastic nature of the equations in some cases these methods lead to completely new and challenging problems. Platen, E. 1999, On the Log-Return Distribution of Index Benchmarked Share Prices. This paper identifies a distribution, which fits the daily log-returns of index benchmarked share prices. For this data the Student t distribution appears to provide the best fit under the maximum likelihood ratio test within the class of symmetric generalised hyperbolic distributions. A share market model that generates share prices with the observed log-return distribution is also described. Platen, E. 1999, A Minimal Share Market Model with Stochastic Volatility. The paper describes a continuous time share market model with a minimal number of factors. These factors are powers of Bessel processes. The asset prices are formed by ratios of the factors and have consequently leptokurtic return distributions. In this framework stochastic volatility with properties that are similar to those actually observed arises naturally. The model generates for the market index the well-known leverage effect due to negative correlation between the index and its volatility. It also incorporates possible default of an asset and thus models credit risk. Fischer, P. amp Platen, E. 1999, Applications of the balanced method to stochastic differential equations in filtering, pp. 19-38. ViewDownload from: Publishers site The paper studies the application of the balanced method in hidden Markov chain filtering, an important practical area that requires the strong numerical solution of stochastic differential equations with multiplicative noise. Numerical experiments are conducted to enable comparisons between the balanced method and standard alternative methods in the context of filtering. Both the mean global error and the sample path properties of the approximate solutions are compared in a numerical study. ampcopy 1999 VSP. Hoek, J. V.D. amp Platen, E. 1999, Pricing and Hedging in the Presence of Transaction Costs Under Local Risk Minimisation. The paper considers the continuous time pricing and hedging of European options in the presence of small transaction costs and frequent trading under local risk minimisation. The approach yields mean-self-financing strategies. The resulting dynamical hedges adapt the trading frequency in dependence on actual asset price and time to maturity. Explicit asymptotic expressions for prices and hedging strategies are derived. Hurst, S. amp Platen, E. 1999, On the Marginal Distribution of Trade Weighted Currency Indices. In this paper we identify a distribution which suitably fits the marginal distribution for the daily log increments of trade weighted currency indices. By considering the class of symmetric generalised hyperbolic distributions for these increments the Student t distribution appears to be an excellent candidate. Further well-known asset price models are also studied. Elliott, R. Fischer, P. amp Platen, E. 1999, Filtering and Parameter Estimation for a Mean Reverting Interest Rate Model. A Hidden Markov Model with mean reverting characteristics is considered as a model for financial time series, particularly interest rates. The optimal filter for the state of the hidden Markov chain is obtained. A number of auxiliary filters are obtained that enable the parameters of the model to be estimated using the EM algorithm. A simulation study demonstrates the feasibility of this approach. Heath, D. Platen, E. amp Schweizer, M. 1998, Comparison of Some Key Approches to Hedging in Incomplete Markets. The paper provides a numerical comparison of local risk minimisation and mean-variance hedging for some key variations of stochastic volatility models. A hedging and pricing framework is established for both approaches. Important quantitative differences become apparent that have implications for the implementation of hedging strategies under stochastic volatility. Selected Peer-Assessed Projects
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